Prone vs Supine Position in Potential Organ Donors: PRODONAR Multicenter Clinical Trial
Prone vs Supine Position in Potential Organ Donors: PRODONAR Multicenter Clinical Trial
Background and justification: In Argentina, 9,650 people are on the organ transplant waiting list, including 290 who require a lung transplant. In 2022, 21 unilateral lungs, 18 bilateral lungs, and one cardiopulmonary block were implanted, representing only 1.9% of all transplants. Maintaining organ viability in potential donors (PD) is challenging because brain death triggers adrenergic activation, hemodynamic instability, and atelectasis due to mechanical ventilation and loss of respiratory muscle activity. These factors impair gas exchange and reduce the number of lungs suitable for transplantation.
Ventilatory management in PDs aims to preserve lung function, minimize risks of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and maintain adequate gas exchange while preventing alveolar collapse and overdistension. Strategies derived from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) include recruitment maneuvers, which may cause complications. In contrast, prone positioning improves ventilation-perfusion matching and increases functional lung parenchyma.
This study proposes prone positioning as a preventive ventilatory strategy to optimize lung preservation in organ donors.
Objectives: (1) Determine whether early prone positioning after BD certification increases the proportion of lungs meeting suitability criteria for transplantation. (2) Evaluate its effect on the availability of other transplantable organs and on hemodynamic stability.
Methods: The PRODON-AR study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial conducted in 10 intensive care units (ICUs) across Argentina. Recruitment began on June 1, 2023, and will continue until 250 PDs are enrolled. Participants will be randomly assigned to standard care (supine) or prone positioning following BD certification. Eligible donors will be those with confirmed BD, meeting multi-organ donation criteria, and without documented opposition to donation. Exclusion criteria include contraindications to prone positioning. Donors will be excluded from analysis if the interval between BD certification and proning exceeds 12 hours, if more than 20% of data for key variables are missing, or if clinical conditions require returning to the supine position.
The primary outcome is the number of lungs suitable for transplantation. Secondary outcomes include the number of organs transplanted, vasopressor requirements, and variables related to gas exchange and respiratory mechanics.
This protocol follows the SPIRIT guidelines (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials).
Introduction: Organ transplantation replaces a failing organ with one from a donor. Ablation enables organ removal for therapeutic use in recipients with terminal organ failure. In Argentina, as of February 2023, 9,650 people were on the national waiting list, including 290 requiring lung transplantation. In 2022, 767 real donors generated 2,090 organs, of which only 40 lungs were transplanted, representing 1.9% of all transplants.
The lung remains one of the most challenging organs for procurement due to strict selection criteria and rapid functional deterioration after brain death (BD). Countries such as Spain, which lead global donation rates, have broadened donor criteria ("expanded criteria donors"), demonstrating that the use of marginal lungs does not increase recipient mortality.
Following BD, sympathetic nervous system activation triggers a massive inflammatory response leading to endothelial and alveolar damage. Potential donors (PDs) under invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) experience additional inflammatory stress. Neuromuscular paralysis and a lack of respiratory effort promote atelectasis, particularly in dependent lung regions, thereby compromising ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) matching. The apnea test and FiO₂ 100% exposure can worsen atelectasis through nitrogen washout. In addition, an absent cough reflex predisposes to secretion retention and infection, reducing lung viability and secondarily impairing the function of other organs through systemic hypoxia and inflammation.
Rationale: Ventilatory management in PDs aims to preserve lung function, reduce IMV-induced injury, and maintain optimal gas exchange while preventing alveolar collapse and overdistension. Lung-protective ventilation (tidal volume 6-8 mL/kg predicted body weight and adequate positive end-expiratory pressure, PEEP) remains standard; however, the proportion of suitable lungs for procurement remains low.
Recruitment maneuvers, formerly used in ARDS, are now avoided due to their association with increased mortality (ART trial, 2018). In turn, prone positioning (PP) has proven several clinical benefits in ARDS, enhancing oxygenation and reducing ventilator-induced lung injury. PP promotes more homogeneous ventilation, recruits dorsal lung areas, enhances oxygenation, and improves right ventricular function without significant hemodynamic compromise. Studies such as PROSEVA demonstrated reduced cardiac arrests and better extrapulmonary organ function in PP patients.
In PDs, PP could similarly improve oxygenation and hemodynamics, facilitating donor management and increasing organ suitability. The PRODON-AR study will test whether PP after BD certification increases the proportion of lungs suitable for transplantation compared with standard supine positioning (SP).
Primary objective: Evaluate whether early PP after BD certification increases the number of lungs meeting suitability criteria for transplantation. Secondary objective: Assess the effect of PP on hemodynamic stability and on the availability of other transplantable organs.
Methods
Design: The PRODON-AR study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted across 11 intensive care units (ICUs) in Argentina. Recruitment began on June 1, 2023, and will continue until 250 PDs are enrolled. Participants will be randomized to PP (intervention) or SP (control). Randomization will be electronic and unblinded.
Inclusion criteria: confirmed BD according to national protocol, eligibility for multi-organ donation, and no documented opposition to donation.
Exclusion criteria: contraindications to PP (e.g., spinal instability, major abdominal wounds). PDs will be excluded from analysis if the interval between BD certification and PP exceeds 12 h, more than 20% of key variable data are missing, or if medical conditions require return to SP.
Procedure: After BD certification, ventilation will be set in VC-CMV mode with tidal volume 6-8 mL/kg predicted body weight, PEEP 8-12 cmH₂O, respiratory rate to maintain PaCO₂ 35-45 mmHg, FiO₂ for SpO₂ 94-98%, and inspiratory time 0.8-1.0 s.
Baseline evaluation (in SP) includes:
After baseline, PDs will be randomized to PP or SP. Those assigned to PP will be turned following institutional protocols. Reassessment will occur 8-12 h after randomization and again before organ procurement. Complications will be recorded. In the PP group, the donor remains prone until preparation for surgery, with head and limb repositioning every 3 h. For procurement, all donors are returned to SP before transfer to the operating room.
Outcomes Primary: number of lungs suitable for transplantation. Secondary: number of organs transplanted, PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio, respiratory mechanics, vasopressor requirement, and hemodynamic variables.
Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics (mean, median, SD, IQR) will summarize continuous variables. Categorical variables will be expressed as frequencies and percentages.
Inferential analysis:
Primary outcome: logistic regression assessing the association between PP and lung suitability, adjusted for age, sex, time from BD to PP, and comorbidities (odds ratio with 95% CI).
Secondary outcomes: group comparisons via t-test/ANOVA or Mann-Whitney/Kruskal-Wallis as appropriate. P<0.05 will indicate significance. Subgroup analysis will explore the effect of PP timing and presence of atelectasis. Analyses will use JASP (version 2021).
Sample Size: Based on a 6% baseline lung suitability rate (per INCUCAI data), 10% expected improvement, α=0.05, power=80%, and 10% anticipated loss, a total of 250 PDs (125/group) will be required using Student's t-test for proportions.
Ethics: The trial addresses the critical shortage of transplantable lungs in Argentina. Evidence for PP benefits in critical care is robust, yet data in PDs after BD remain scarce. The study involves deceased individuals with certified BD under national law (Laws 17.132, 25.326, 26.629, 27.447, and Decree 1089/2012), posing no risk to living persons. In turn, this study was officially reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Health of Argentina, managed by the research ethics committee (REC) of INCUCAI (INSTITUTO NACIONAL CENTRAL ÚNICO COORDINADOR DE ABLACIÓN E IMPLANTE), under the reference number EX-2024-43540732-APN-INCUCAI#MS.
All data will be anonymized per data protection regulations. Inclusion of deceased donors does not require informed consent (Law 27.447, Chapter VIII; CIOMS Guideline 10 exception). The study does not interfere with organ procurement and relies on standard clinical measurements already documented in SINTRA (National Information System for Procurement and Transplantation).
Biological samples are limited to routine blood and urine analyses and discarded immediately after testing. No genetic studies or material storage are planned. Each site is led by an experienced transplant professional. The principal investigator has extensive experience in donor management and research coordination.
Confidentiality: All participant data will remain confidential. Only anonymized and authorized information will be used for analysis and publication.
Results Publication Policy: Findings will be submitted to high-impact journals and shared with the Argentine Societies of Medicine, Intensive Care, and Transplantation. Ethical and legal publication standards, including conflict-of-interest disclosure, will be strictly followed.
Conflict of Interest: The investigators declare no conflicts of interest.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Elimination criteria