The treatment group (TG) was given exercises for the thoracic and lumbar regions for scoliosis.

The control group (CG) was instructed to perform gluteus maximus, hamstring, and quadriceps strengthening exercises.

Patients were expected to attend treatment under the supervision of a physiotherapist. If they missed a day, they were contacted by phone and advised to do their exercises at home. The number of days they missed did not exceed five. Each set included a 30-second rest period to prevent fatigue. A five-minute warm-up and cool-down period was allotted before and after the exercise session. The exercise program was implemented by a physiotherapist with three years of experience in scoliosis management. Before initiating the intervention, the physiotherapist underwent a structured training session, including practical demonstrations, supervised practice, and detailed exercise protocols.

A standard imaging protocol was employed for the transverse imaging of the thoracic and lumbar multifidus muscles. Pre- and post-exercise measurements were performed by the same physician who was blinded to the exercise program the patient received. This evaluator was a PMR physician with 3 years of experience in the field of ultrasound. For each ultrasound image, the examiner positioned the probe over the spinous process and then moved it laterally and proceeded to image the multifidus and deep thoracic paravertebral muscles on both the convex and concave sides of the apex with the patient positioned prone. Two images were obtained for each segment on each side. The mean of the two trials was employed for the purpose of data analysis.

The questionnaire comprises two distinct sections: one pertaining to appearance and the other to expectations. Each section contains a series of questions presented on a 5-point Likert scale.

The Short Form-36 Health Status Questionnaire (SF-36) was employed for the purpose of assessing quality of life.