Patients in the electrical dry-needling received two 30-minute sessions per week for 6 weeks. Twenty minutes of Electrical stimulation targeted active and latent myofascial trigger points in the quadratus lumborum, multifidus, and iliocostalis muscles following MTrP. Needle insertion sites were varied based on the therapist's assessment of MTrP activity. Needles (0.25 mm × 30 mm or 0.30 mm × 40 mm) were sterilized and inserted into the trigger points, reaching the taut bands and causing local twitch responses. Needles were connected to a TENS device generating a low-frequency current (2 Hz) with a pulse duration of 250 μs and a continuous biphasic waveform, set to a "mild to moderate" intensity as reported by the patient. The 10 minutes of stretching of the quadratus lumborum, multifidus, and iliocostal muscles, including seated side stretches, cat-cow, and child's pose, improve muscle flexibility and reduce tension. (Lara-Palomo et al., 2022)

Participants in the study expressed the severity of their pain using a 10 Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Participants are instructed to locate their level of pain on a 10-mm horizontal line, with 0 mm representing "no pain" and 10 mm representing "the most severe pain."

It is a measurement tool used to assess individuals' fear of movement and re-injury. This 17-item questionnaire is designed to determine an individual's fear of movement and the possibility of (re)injury. Patients evaluate their beliefs on their kinesiophobia using a 4-point scale that spans from strongly disagree to strongly agree.