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The goal of this study is to determine the effects of action observation therapy with conventional physical therapy on freezing gait and functional limitation in participants with Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by rigidity, tremors, and bradykinesia, along with non-motor dysfunction. The exercise rehabilitation has a positive impact on motor and non-motor functions in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Conventional physical therapy (CPT) that involves isometric exercises, stretching techniques, and strength and balance training is useful to improve the severity of functional mobility and freezing of gait. In action observation therapy (AOT), small video clips of different goal-directed tasks were added to rehabilitation to determine the combined effects on outcome.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Physiotherapy Group | Active Comparator | This group included conventional physical therapy that contains isometric exercise, stretching techniques, and strength and balance training. |
|
| Experimental Group | Experimental | This group included action observation therapy in addition to conventional physical therapy, in which small videos containing specific task will be made available to follow to the participants. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Physical Therapy | Other | Group A received conventional physical therapy treatment. The CPT program consists of isometric exercises, stretching, and strength training based on the patient's physical condition and the severity of functional mobility and freezing of Gait. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in functional mobility | The TUG is an efficient test that measures mobility and balance, requiring participants to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn, walk back, and sit down. The time taken to complete this sequence is recorded, with longer times indicating potential mobility issues. A score of more than or equal to fourteen seconds indicates a high risk of falls. | The assessment was made at baseline before the treatment session, and any change in mobility status was observed at the end of 6th week and 12th week after the intervention. |
| Change in Freezing of gait | The FOG-Q is a reliable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment intervention on FOG for Parkinson's disease. The questionnaire consists of 6 items designed to assess the severity of freezing of gait. Each item is rated on a five-point Likert scale, with '0' indicating no symptoms and '4' indicating the most severe symptoms. The total score can range from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater severity of freezing of gait. | The freezing of gait was assessed at baseline, and any change in it was measured at the end of 6th week and 12th week after the intervention. |
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Inclusion Criteria: The participants were included based on the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank diagnostic criteria, with clinical findings supporting the diagnosis. The eligible participants were
Exclusion Criteria:
The exclusion criteria were
2. neurological issues that could affect the assessment and outcomes of treatment, 3. implantation for deep brain stimulation 4. visual or acoustic limitations.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ishfaq Ahmed, PhD Physiotherapy | University of Lahore | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The University of Lahore | Lahore | Punjab Province | 54000 | Pakistan |
De-identified individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in the study will be shared.
Three years after the publication of result findings
Access to the de-identified individual participant data (IPD) and supporting documents will be available to qualified researchers affiliated with recognized academic or research institutions. Interested researchers may request access by submitting a written proposal outlining the study objectives and analysis plan to the principal investigator or corresponding author.
Upon approval, the data (including de-identified participant-level datasets, study protocol, and statistical analysis plan) will be shared via a secure institutional data repository or encrypted email. Data will be provided solely for non-commercial, academic research purposes and must comply with applicable ethical and data protection standards.
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This study follows a parallel group design, involving two groups: a control group and an experimental group. Participants in both groups will receive treatment concurrently but under different conditions. The control group will receive the standard or conventional intervention, while the experimental group will receive the modified or additional treatment being investigated. Comparisons between the groups will be made to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental intervention.
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This study will use a single-blind masking design, in which the outcome assessor will be blinded to group allocation. Participants and therapists will be aware of the intervention assigned, but the assessor responsible for data collection and analysis will not have access to group assignment information to minimize assessment bias.
|
| Action Observation plus conventional Physical Therapy | Other | Group B was given action observation therapy with conventional physical therapy treatment. In AOT, the therapist showed small video clips of different goal-directed tasks to participants, and they were asked to follow every step and movement. The therapist maintained the patient's attention with verbal feedback |
|
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010300 | Parkinson Disease |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020734 | Parkinsonian Disorders |
| D001480 | Basal Ganglia Diseases |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D009069 | Movement Disorders |
| D000080874 | Synucleinopathies |
| D019636 | Neurodegenerative Diseases |
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