Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of thoracic expansion exercises and Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) on respiratory function and bilateral trapezius muscle activity in individuals with forward head posture (FHP). A total of 32 participants aged 18-40 years with a craniovertebral angle (CVA) of less than 53° will be randomly assigned to either the DNS group or the thoracic expansion exercise group. Primary outcomes include respiratory function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC), trapezius muscle activation measured with EMG biofeedback, and craniovertebral angle. Secondary outcomes include thoracic mobility and health-related quality of life assessed using the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Both interventions will be applied for 6 weeks. The study aims to determine which approach provides greater improvement in posture-related respiratory dysfunction and muscle activation.
Forward head posture (FHP) is a common postural deviation characterized by reduced craniovertebral angle (CVA), altered cervicothoracic alignment, and compensatory activation of accessory respiratory muscles. Individuals with FHP frequently demonstrate limited thoracic mobility, decreased respiratory efficiency, and increased demand on superficial neck musculature. These biomechanical alterations may negatively influence pulmonary function parameters such as FEV1 and FVC, as well as contribute to elevated electromyographic (EMG) activity in the upper trapezius muscles.
Various therapeutic approaches have been developed to address posture-related respiratory dysfunction. Thoracic expansion breathing exercises aim to enhance chest wall mobility and improve lung expansion across upper, middle, and lower thoracic regions. Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS), based on developmental kinesiology principles, seeks to optimize diaphragmatic function, intra-abdominal pressure regulation, and coordinated activation of deep stabilizing musculature. Although both methods have theoretical benefits for improving respiratory mechanics and postural alignment, comparative evidence regarding their differential effects in individuals with FHP remains limited.
This randomized controlled trial will investigate the immediate and short-term effects of thoracic expansion breathing exercises versus DNS-based stabilization exercises on respiratory function, cervicothoracic posture, and muscle activation patterns. Thirty-two adults aged 18-40 years with a CVA of less than 53° will be enrolled and randomly assigned using an opaque envelope method to one of two intervention groups: the Thoracic Expansion Exercise Group or the Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Group. Each intervention protocol will be implemented over a 6-week period, consisting of twice-weekly supervised sessions complemented by twice-daily home exercise routines.
Outcome assessments will be conducted at baseline and at the end of the 6-week intervention period. These assessments will include: CVA measured by standardized lateral photography and ImageJ analysis; bilateral upper trapezius muscle activity assessed using surface EMG biofeedback; pulmonary function tests (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC) conducted with spirometry; thoracic expansion measured at three levels using a tape-measure chest mobility test; and health-related quality of life evaluated with the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). The study protocol was approved by the Istanbul Medipol University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee.
This trial is designed to provide a comparative analysis of two commonly used physiotherapy interventions for FHP, with a focus on their effects on posture-related respiratory mechanics, thoracic mobility, and neuromuscular activation. All findings will be reported separately in the Results section. The present description outlines the scientific rationale, study design, and intervention procedures without duplicating eligibility criteria or outcome measure definitions.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Group (DNSG) | Experimental | Developmental DNS patterns (supine 90/90, prone on elbows, quadruped), performed twice daily for 6 weeks. |
|
| Thoracic Expansion Exercise Group (TEG) | Experimental | Upper, middle, and lower lobe-focused thoracic expansion breathing exercises, twice daily for 6 weeks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Exercises | Behavioral | Participants in the DNS group will perform Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization exercises based on developmental kinesiology principles. The program consists of three standardized DNS patterns: Supine 90°/90° Position (4.5-month developmental stage): The participant lies supine with hips and knees flexed to 90°, emphasizing diaphragmatic breathing, rib cage expansion, and neutral spine alignment. Prone on Elbows (4.5-month stage): The participant supports the upper body on elbows while maintaining cervical neutrality and coordinated diaphragmatic breathing. Quadruped Position (9-month developmental stage): The participant maintains a four-point kneeling position with proper spinal stabilization and controlled breathing. All exercises focus on coordinated activation of deep cervical flexors, diaphragm, transversus abdominis, multifidus, and pelvic floor muscles. Participants will perform 2 supervised sessions per week and twice-daily home exercises (10 repetitions × 3 sets) for 6 weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Craniovertebral Angle (CVA) | CVA is used to assess forward head posture. Participants will be asked to stand in a natural and relaxed posture while focusing on a marked point at eye level on the wall. A lateral photograph will be taken using a Iphone 13 camera mounted on a tripod at shoulder height and placed 1.5 meters from the participant. The spinous process of the C7 vertebra and the tragus of the ear will be marked. The angle between the line connecting the tragus to C7 and a horizontal reference line will be calculated using the ImageJ software. The measurement results will be recorded on the evaluation form. Analysis Metric: Change in CVA (degrees) | Baseline and Week 6 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Trapezius Muscle Activity (Surface EMG Biofeedback, µV) | Surface EMG sensors will be placed bilaterally over the upper trapezius muscles. Participants will perform three 5-second isometric contractions, and the mean amplitude (µV) of the signals will be recorded. Analysis metric: Change from baseline to Week 6 in mean EMG amplitude of bilateral upper trapezius | Baseline and Week 6 |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gülay Yalçın, PhD | Contact | +905376342600 | gulay.yalcin@mudanya.edu.tr | |
| Esra Beceni, Lecturer | Contact | +905387358097 | esra.beceni@mudanya.edu.tr |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gülay Yalçın, PhD | Mudanya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy | Study Director |
| Esra Beceni, Lecturer | Mudanya University Vocational, Physiotherapy Program | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mudanya University | Bursa | 16940 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Not provided
a randomized, controlled, assessor-blind, prospective study
Not provided
Not provided
Randomization will be done by the sealed envelope method.
|
| Thoracic Expansion Exercise | Behavioral | Participants in the thoracic expansion group will perform a structured breathing exercise program focused on increasing upper, middle, and lower thoracic mobility. The program includes: Upper Lobe Expansion Exercise: Participant places hands over upper thoracic region and performs deep inhalation to expand upper lung fields, followed by slow exhalation. Middle Lobe Expansion Exercise: Hands placed laterally at mid-thoracic level to facilitate expansion of the middle lobes during inhalation. Lower Lobe Expansion Exercise: Hands positioned over the lower rib cage to promote diaphragmatic and lower thoracic expansion. Each exercise is performed for 3 sets of 10 repetitions, twice daily, for 6 weeks. Two supervised sessions per week will ensure correct technique and progression. The exercises aim to improve thoracic mobility, respiratory mechanics, and chest wall expansion. |
|
| FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second) | FEV1 will be recorded using a portable spirometer (BTL-08 Spiro Pro). The highest value of three acceptable forced expiratory maneuvers will be used. Analysis Metric: Change from baseline to Week 6 (liters) | Baseline and Week 6 |
| FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) | FVC will be assessed using standard spirometry procedures. Three maximal forced expiratory maneuvers will be performed, and the best value will be recorded. Analysis Metric: Change from baseline to Week 6 (liters) | Baseline and Week 6 |
| Thoracic Expansion (Chest Mobility, cm) | Thoracic expansion will be measured with a tape measure at upper, middle, and lower thoracic levels. The difference between maximum inhalation and exhalation will be used as the thoracic mobility value. Analysis Metric: Change from baseline to Week 6 (cm) | Baseline and Week 6 |
| St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Total Score | The SGRQ is a standardized instrument assessing symptoms, activity limitation, and psychosocial impact related to respiratory dysfunction. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating worse health status and greater impairment. Analysis Metric: Change from baseline to Week 6 (0-100 score) | Baseline and Week 6 |