The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether resection of the previous cesarean scar at repeat cesarean delivery reduces uterine niche formation and related morbidity without increasing operative risks.

After eligibility and consenting, multigravida women with ≥1 prior cesarean section scheduled for repeat cesarean section at ≥28 weeks' gestation for any indication were randomized to

• Study group: During repeat cesarean section, the prior uterine scar was resected. After creating the bladder flap, the uterus was incised 5 mm cranial to the scar and extended laterally 5 mm beyond its ends. Following delivery, a 1 cm segment of uterine wall (5 mm above and below the scar) was excised. The incision edges were approximated with a central vertical mattress suture, followed by double-layer continuous myometrial closure (including decidua) and visceral peritoneum closure.
• Control group: Standard repeat cesarean section without scar resection, followed by identical double-layer and peritoneal closure.

All procedures were performed by obstetricians trained in the protocol. All women received standard preoperative antibiotics, 24-hour postoperative prophylaxis, and 10 units intramuscular oxytocin after delivery.

At 6 months postpartum, all participants will undergo transvaginal ultrasound and saline infusion sonohysterography performed by a blinded, experienced examiner. Sagittal and coronal views willl be obtained, and niche presence, depth, length, width, and residual myometrial thickness are to be recorded.

Obstetricians were informed of assignment, while participants and ultrasound assessor are blinded.

Inclusion Criteria:

• ≥1 prior cesarean section at ≥28 weeks' gestation.
• Undergoing repeat cesarean section for any indication.
• Provided informed consent and agreed to 6-month postpartum follow-up.
• Not planning pregnancy during follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Uterine fibroids, multiple gestation, chorioamnionitis, placenta previa, placental abruption, or preeclampsia/eclampsia.
• Hepatic or renal dysfunction, uncontrolled diabetes, or hemoglobin <10 g/dL.
• Systemic uncontrolled disease, chronic corticosteroid use, or smoking.
• Inability to provide informed consent.

Eligible women were randomized (1:1) using a computer-generated sequence in blocks of 10. Allocation was concealed in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes opened by a trained nurse after consent. Obstetricians were informed of assignment, while participants , investigator, and ultrasound assessors remained blinded.