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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1R01DK139326-01A1 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) | NIH |
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The purpose of this interventional study is to assess the effectiveness of CARE-D-Foot, a patient navigator intervention, as compared to usual care, on 20-week diabetic foot ulcer healing.
The study will further:
The CARE-D-Foot-Nav (Comprehensive Assistance and Resources for Effective Diabetic Foot Navigation) study is a randomized controlled trial testing whether a patient navigator-led intervention can improve healing outcomes for patients hospitalized with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). DFUs are a serious complication of diabetes that contribute to over 100,000 amputations annually in the U.S. and account for a significant portion of diabetes-related healthcare costs. Healing requires complex, multidisciplinary care focused on glycemic control, wound management, vascular disease treatment, and infection therapy. However, many patients, especially underserved populations such as non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic individuals, face barriers related to social determinants of health that hinder access to this care.
In this trial, 270 patients hospitalized with DFUs will be randomized to receive either usual care or participate in the CARE-D-Foot-Nav program for 20 weeks after hospital discharge. Participants in the intervention group will receive weekly support from a certified diabetes educator acting as a patient navigator, who will provide personalized care coordination, diabetes education, transportation assistance, and help connecting patients to medical and social resources.
Navigators have proven effective in improving outcomes for other chronic diseases by overcoming healthcare system and patient-level barriers, but no prior randomized trials have tested their impact on DFU care specifically. This study aims to fill that gap by evaluating whether the CARE-D-Foot-Nav program improves DFU healing rates, enhances patient engagement, and can be implemented cost-effectively. The intervention is designed to be scalable and focused on reducing healthcare disparities to help curb the diabetes-related amputation epidemic.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard of Care | Active Comparator | Following discharge, the team will conduct research retention phone calls at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks to review resource utilization over the past month. Participants will have access to hospital and community resources available to all patients treated within the healthcare system. Other resources may include, but are not limited to, social worker assistance with transportation, diabetes education (with referral by medical provider), nutritional support through Grady's "Food as Medicine Program", and interpreter services |
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| CARE-D-Foot-Nav | Experimental | Participants in this arm will be assigned a dedicated DFU patient navigator The navigators will conduct 30-to 60-minute encounters, either by phone or in person, at least once a week during the 20-week program. Participants can call the navigator with DFU-related concerns during the navigator's working hours. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARE-D-Foot-Nav | Other | CARE-D-Foot-Nav is a diabetes educator who will serve as a dedicated Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) patient navigator. The navigator will assist the subjects with diabetic foot ulcer care, including: Glycemic control, Wound management, Infection management, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) management. Apart from that, the navigator will also provide tools to improve access to DFU care and emotional support, like: Outpatient care coordination, Transportation assistance, Language-concordant care, Peer support, Support if amputations are recommended, and Spiritual Support. Navigator will also assess the participants and screen for Depression, tobacco use, food insecurity, alcohol use, financial resource strain, and housing instability. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Effectiveness of CARE-D-Foot-Nav: 20-week wound healing with complete re-epithelialization of the wound | Pictures will be taken at baseline and week 20 and compared by two different reviewers. The number of participants with complete wound healing will be reported. | Baseline, Week 20 (day 140 +/- 7 days) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of participants with confirmed wound healing | Researchers will measure the effectiveness of the intervention based on wound healing. Photographs of the wounds will be taken at enrollment and again at week 22 (i.e., approximately two weeks ±7 days after the participant's primary outcome visit). Two independent reviewers, who are clinical DFU experts, will evaluate the photographs to determine whether wound healing has occurred. If more than one DFU is present, the assessment will be based on the largest wound. If a participant undergoes an amputation or dies before week 20, the ulcer will be classified as not healed. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marcos Schechter, MD | Contact | 404-251-8713 | marcos.coutinho.schechter@emory.edu | |
| Maya Fayfman, MD | Contact | 404-778-1664 | maya.fayfman@emory.edu |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Marcos Schechter, MD | Emory University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grady Memorial Hospital | Recruiting | Atlanta | Georgia | 30303 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41358308 | Derived | Schechter MC, Rhodes EC, Shao H, Ahmed S, Colquitt K, Chaudhry NY, Dunlop AL, Flores J, Garcia-Toca M, Javia V, Kalokhe AS, Manoj A, Meadows C, Meriwether N, Sales JM, Soleimanmanesh N, Santamarina G, Smith-Bankhead NK, Umpierrez G, Ramos CR, Watson E, Peng L, Fayfman M. A randomized controlled trial of patient navigators for post-hospital discharge diabetic foot ulcer care: the Comprehensive Assistance and Resources for Effective Diabetic Foot Navigation (CARE-D-Foot-Nav) study protocol. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Nov 27:2025.11.25.25340976. doi: 10.1101/2025.11.25.25340976. |
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The team will de-identify identifiable data and assign each study participant a unique identifier (ID). The team will use the Safe Harbor method to comply with the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The Safe Harbor method removes all 18 identifiers of Protected Health Information (PHI) from data to ensure that the data cannot be traced back to one person. PI will share the individual-participant level raw data described below through deposition in a controlled-access public repository (Emory Dataverse). To preserve participant anonymity and safety, PI will not share participant interviews or navigator encounter audio recordings. We will redact interview transcripts and encounters to remove any potential identifiers. Foot images will be edited to remove identifying features, including faces. The informed consent forms will reflect these plans.
Start: January 1, 2031. End: life of the Emory Dataverse Repository
Requests via email
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017719 | Diabetic Foot |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003925 | Diabetic Angiopathies |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D016523 | Foot Ulcer |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059039 | Standard of Care |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019984 | Quality Indicators, Health Care |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D006298 | Health Services Administration |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
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| Standard of care | Other | Standard of care for DFU. |
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| Baseline, week 22 |
| DFU care clinic attendance | This will be defined as attending outpatient visits with any provider managing a) diabetes b) wound care c) antibiotic for DFU infection, if applicable, and (d) obtaining non-invasive PAD testing if not done in the last 12 months. | Within 14 and 30 days post hospital discharge |
| Wound area reduction | Difference in diabetic foot ulcer area will be reported | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Major amputation | Number of subjects undergoing amputation above the ankle. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Number of deaths | Number of deaths during the study period. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D) score | The EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) is a standardized instrument used to measure health-related quality of life. It's a self-report questionnaire that assesses health across five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has a few levels of severity, allowing individuals to describe their health state. Each dimension has five levels: 1 = no problems, to 5 = extreme problems/unable to do. The five answers produce a unique 5-digit health state, for example, 11234, that describes the young person's health state. For example, the code 11234 describes a health state where there are no problems with walking about (mobility) or looking after myself, a little bit of a problem with doing usual activities, some pain or discomfort, and feeling really worried, sad, or unhappy. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Glycemic control: Change in HbA1c | Change in hemoglobin A1c will be reported. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Perceived social support: Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12 | The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12 (ISEL-12) is a brief, validated questionnaire designed to assess perceived availability of social support. The ISEL-12 includes 12 items and evaluates perceived support across three dimensions: Appraisal Support, Belonging Support and Tangible Support. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Scores range from 12 to 48, with higher scores indicating greater perceived social support and low scores indicating lower social support. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Medical mistrust: Change in the Trust in Physicians Scale | Trust in Physicians Scale is used to measure interpersonal trust a patient has in their individual physician. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Total score range: 11 (low trust) to 55 (high trust). Higher scores indicate greater trust in the physician. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Tobacco cessation | Self-reported cessation at week 20 among those reporting tobacco use at baseline | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Acute care utilization | All-cause emergency department (ED) visits and re-hospitalizations | After hospital discharge (up to 20 weeks) |
| Services accessed | Services accessed between baseline and week 20 (e.g., foodbank) ascertained through electronic medical record review and participant interviews | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Peer support group attendance | Proportion of CARE-D-Foot-Nav participants who attended ≥1 peer support group meeting and the number of meetings attended | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Diabetic foot ulcer - short form (DFS-SF) score | A short form of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale (DFS), which is called the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale-Short Form (DFS-SF). It's a 29-item questionnaire designed to assess the impact of diabetic foot ulcers on a patient's quality of life (QOL), grouped into six subscales: leisure, physical health, dependence/daily life, negative emotions, worried about ulcers/feet, and bothered by ulcer care. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 = "not at all" to 5 = "very common". Each subscale is scored on a scale of 0 to 100. Higher scores on the DFS-SF indicate a better quality of life, while lower scores indicate a poorer quality of life. The minimum score for each subscale is 0, representing the worst QOL, and the maximum score is 100, representing the best QOL. | Baseline, 20 weeks |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) | The PHQ-2 is a two-question screening for depression that asks about the frequency of a depressed mood and lack of pleasure in activities over the past two weeks. Scores range from 0 to 6, with a score of 3 or higher indicating a positive screen that warrants further assessment, typically with the full PHQ-9, to confirm a diagnosis and gauge severity. | Baseline, 20 weeks |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | The PHQ-9 is a screening tool for depression that uses nine questions answered on a 0-3 scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day), with the total score ranging from 0 to 27. A professional assesses the total score to gauge depression severity: 0-4 (minimal), 5-9 (mild), 10-14 (moderate), 15-19 (moderately severe), and 20+ (severe). | Baseline, 20 weeks |
| Food insecurity | Food insecurity will be assessed via validated EHR-embedded survey items. Food insecurity severity is often evaluated based on the number of affirmative responses to specific questions. More affirmative responses typically indicate greater food insecurity. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Housing stability | Housing Stability will be assessed using survey items embedded in the electronic health record (EHR). Responses are coded as: 0 = Stable housing (e.g., own/rent a steady place to live) 1 = Unstable housing (e.g., temporarily staying with others, in a shelter, or without a place to live) Scores will be summarized as the proportion of participants with unstable housing at baseline and week 20. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Financial resource strain questionnaire | Financial resource strain scoring assesses the level of difficulty individuals experience in meeting their basic living expenses and financial obligations, assessed via validated EHR-embedded survey items. A score of 27 on the Financial Strain Questionnaire indicates greater financial strain than a score of 9. Lower scores/categories indicate less financial strain. Higher scores indicate greater strain. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| Transportation needs | Transportation needs will be assessed via a validated EHR-embedded transportation survey from the Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patients' Assets, Risks, and Experiences (PRAPARE) tool. The transportation tool is a 2-question survey where "yes" indicates transportation needs. More affirmative responses typically indicate increased transportation needs. | Baseline, Week 20 |
| D007871 |
| Leg Ulcer |
| D012883 | Skin Ulcer |
| D012871 | Skin Diseases |
| D017437 | Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D048909 | Diabetes Complications |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D003929 | Diabetic Neuropathies |