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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| K01MH133966 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) | NIH |
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Doulas are trained individuals who offer informational, emotional, and physical support to their pregnant, birthing, and postpartum clients. The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a new intervention (called "Doula Link") is feasible to implement and acceptable to both doulas and their clients. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Researchers will compare "Doula Link" to usual doula practice to see if Doula Link is feasible and has potential to improve mental health outcomes in postpartum individuals.
Doulas will be randomly assigned to either receive "Doula Link" or continue with their practice as usual.
Participating doulas assigned to Doula Link will receive training mental health and implementing an intervention called "Our Babies and Us"; receive access to a toolkit; receive access to perinatal psychiatrists and referral specialists for consultations; receive access to a support group
All participating doulas will be invited to complete surveys about their experience with Doula Link (if assigned to that group) and their experience providing care for their clients.
All participating clients (pregnant and postpartum individuals) will be invited to complete surveys about their experiences with their doulas, their own mental health, and their experiences with the health system.
Many people experience anxiety, depression, or other mental health concerns during the pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum periods. Despite interventions that work to prevent and treat, most perinatal depression and anxiety is unprevented and untreated. Doulas are trained professionals who offer emotional, educational, and physical support during this period. Their support has been shown to improve health outcomes for pregnant and postpartum individuals.
This study will pilot test a multi-component intervention, called Doula Link for Perinatal Mental Health (Doula Link), that gives doulas the tools to directly support mental health. Through Doula Link, doulas will receive:
By bringing together clinicians, doulas, and families, the goal of Doula Link is to support doulas to support their clients' mental health. Investigators hypothesize that building a program with doulas to provide direct support and link health system and community resources is an attainable intervention to expand access to mental health support.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Doula Link | Experimental | Doulas randomized to this arm will receive: 1) a doula-specific mental health toolkit; 2) training to implement an evidence-based, stress-reduction program called Our Babies and Us; 3) training for, and access to expert consultations with perinatal psychiatric specialists through MCPAP for Moms; 4) training on perinatal mental health; 5) access to doula support groups |
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| Doula Support as Usual | No Intervention | Doulas randomized to this arm will continue to provide care as usual |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doula Link | Behavioral | 1) a doula-specific mental health toolkit; 2) training to implement an evidence-based, stress-reduction program called Our Babies and Us; 3) training for, and access to expert consultations with perinatal psychiatric specialists through MCPAP for Moms; 4) training on perinatal mental health; 5) access to doula support groups |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Acceptability of Intervention Measure | Perception among postpartum individuals in the Doula Link arm that Doula Link is agreeable and perception among postpartum individuals in the Doula Link arm that Doula Link and its individual components is agreeable. The "Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM) will be used. This is a four-question scale scored on a range from 1-5 with higher values indicating better acceptability. | 32-weeks gestation and 6 weeks postpartum postpartum for clients. Directly following, 6-months after, and 12-months after training for doulas. |
| Feasibility of Intervention | How well Doula Link and its individual components can be successfully delivered to doulas. The "Feasibility of Intervention Measure" (FIM) will be used. This is a four-question scale scored on a range from 1-5 with higher values indicating better feasibility. | Directly following, 6-months after, and 12-months after doula training |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Appropriateness of Intervention | The perceived fit and relevance of Doula Link and its individual components among doulas and their clients in the Doula Link arm. The "Appropriateness of Intervention Measure" (IAM) will be used. This is a four-question scale scored on a range from 1-5 with higher values indicating better appropriateness. | 32-weeks gestation and 6 weeks postpartum for clients. Directly following, 6-months after, and 12-months after training for doulas. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Help-seeking | Clients scores on the barriers to access to care evaluation scale (BACE). The possible range of scores on the BACE is 0 to 90 with higher scores indicating a worse outcome, i.e. more barriers to access to care. | 32-weeks gestation and 6- and 16-weeks postpartum |
| Treatment participation |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elysia Larson | Contact | 617-667-4051 | elarson@bidmc.harvard.edu |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center | Recruiting | Boston | Massachusetts | 02215 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28851459 | Background | Weiner BJ, Lewis CC, Stanick C, Powell BJ, Dorsey CN, Clary AS, Boynton MH, Halko H. Psychometric assessment of three newly developed implementation outcome measures. Implement Sci. 2017 Aug 29;12(1):108. doi: 10.1186/s13012-017-0635-3. | |
| 20957426 | Background | Proctor E, Silmere H, Raghavan R, Hovmand P, Aarons G, Bunger A, Griffey R, Hensley M. Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011 Mar;38(2):65-76. doi: 10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7. |
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Per institutional policy, IPD cannot be shared with other researchers without a formal data use agreement.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003863 | Depression |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Fidelity of implementation of Our Babies and Us | The degree to which the Our Babies and Us component of Doula Link is implemented by the doulas to each client. This will be measured using the Our Babies and Us fidelity scale, which measures each topic across three dimensions. Possible scores range from 0 to 6 with higher scores indicating higher fidelity. | Every two weeks after client enrollment for a total of six time points. |
| Reach of Our Babies and Us component | The proportion of clients who receive part or all of the Our Babies and Us component of the intervention. | At 6 weeks postpartum |
| Symptoms of depression | Client scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Possible range of scores is 0 to 30 with higher scores indicating a worse outcome. | 32-weeks gestation, 6-weeks postpartum, and 16-weeks postpartum |
| Symptoms of anxiety | Symptoms of anxiety as measured by the generalized anxiety scale (GAD-7). The possible range of scores is 0 to 21 with higher scores indicating a worse outcome. | 32-weeks gestation and 6- and 16-weeks postpartum |
| Feasibility of Our Babies and Us | How well doulas can implement the our Babies and Us component to their clients. The "Feasibility of Intervention Measure" (FIM) will be used. This is a four-question scale scored on a range from 1-5 with higher values indicating better feasibility. | Directly following, 6-months after, and 12-months after doula training |
| Reach of MCPAP for Moms component | The proportion of doulas who call to access the MCPAP for Moms component of the intervention. | At the completion of the doula intervention |
Proportion of individuals who have symptoms of depression (denominator) who report accessing treatment (numerator) in the past six weeks. Denominator is defined as a score of 10 or higher on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), indicating any thoughts of self-harm on the EPDS, or having been diagnosed with depression by a clinician. Numerator is defined as having seen a mental health professional or been prescribed medication to treat a perinatal mental health disorder. |
| 32-weeks gestation and 6- and 16-weeks postpartum |
| Skills used | Our babies and us stress reduction skill used. The "Mothers and Babies Skills Utilization Scale" will be used. This 11-item scale assesses aspects of skills using a five-point frequency Likert scale. The full scale has a possible range of 0 to 44 with higher scores indicating a better outcome, i.e. more skills used. | 32-weeks gestation, 6-weeks postpartum, and 16-weeks postpartum |
| Background | Larson E. Cornely RM, Gebel C, Falade E, Ezekwesili C, Peprah-Wilson S, Dodge LE, Julce C, Byatt N. A qualitative study of doulas providing emotional support during the perinatal period: an unharnessed opportunity in the United States. SSM-Health Systems 2025;4. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmhs.2025.100077 |
| 28681500 | Background | Bohren MA, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C, Fukuzawa RK, Cuthbert A. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 6;7(7):CD003766. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6. |
| 27079616 | Background | Byatt N, Biebel K, Moore Simas TA, Sarvet B, Ravech M, Allison J, Straus J. Improving perinatal depression care: the Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Project for Moms. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016 May-Jun;40:12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.03.002. Epub 2016 Mar 21. |
| 29766470 | Background | Tandon SD, Ward EA, Hamil JL, Jimenez C, Carter M. Perinatal depression prevention through home visitation: a cluster randomized trial of mothers and babies 1-on-1. J Behav Med. 2018 Oct;41(5):641-652. doi: 10.1007/s10865-018-9934-7. Epub 2018 May 15. |
| 33533904 | Background | Singla DR, Lawson A, Kohrt BA, Jung JW, Meng Z, Ratjen C, Zahedi N, Dennis CL, Patel V. Implementation and Effectiveness of Nonspecialist-Delivered Interventions for Perinatal Mental Health in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 May 1;78(5):498-509. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4556. |
| 17150072 | Background | Dennis CL, Chung-Lee L. Postpartum depression help-seeking barriers and maternal treatment preferences: a qualitative systematic review. Birth. 2006 Dec;33(4):323-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2006.00130.x. |
| 25846018 | Background | Byatt N, Xiao RS, Dinh KH, Waring ME. Mental health care use in relation to depressive symptoms among pregnant women in the USA. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2016 Feb;19(1):187-91. doi: 10.1007/s00737-015-0524-1. Epub 2015 Apr 7. |
| 30747970 | Background | O'Connor E, Senger CA, Henninger ML, Coppola E, Gaynes BN. Interventions to Prevent Perinatal Depression: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2019 Feb 12;321(6):588-601. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.20865. |
| 28302701 | Background | Dennis CL, Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R. Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017 May;210(5):315-323. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179. Epub 2017 Mar 16. |
| 15051562 | Background | Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;103(4):698-709. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000116689.75396.5f. |