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The goal of this study is to investgate whether individual differences of cognitive control capacity could predict neurofeedback performance and the behavioral effects resulting from successful anterior insula regulation via interoceptive strategy.
The experimental protocol comprises two visits with a 3-7 days interval. The first visit includes: (1) completion of standardized psychological questionnaires, (2) pre-test of the heartbeat counting task (HCT), and (3) four validated cognitive control tasks, including the Go/No-Go task, Stroop task, Task-switching task, N-back task. The main task of the second visit is a fMRI task followed by a post-test of the HCT. The MRI scanning protocol includes anatomical scan, two resting-state scans (pre- and post-training), four runs of fMRI neurofeedback training and a transfer run without feedback. During the regulation block of the training task, participants are asked to upregulate the anterior insula activity followed by a pain empathy rating and strategy efficacy rating. All participants receive real-time neurofeedback from the left anterior insula. Scores of questionnaires including Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Beck Depression Inventory-â…¡, Autism Spectrum Quotient, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Toronto Alexithymia scale, Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire, Interoceptive Confusion Questionnaire, Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory are also collected before the experiment.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neurofeedback group | Experimental | Participants received real-time neurofeedback information from the target regulation brain region. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real-time fMRI neurofeedback training | Other | Real-time neurofeedback information is computed using the Turbo Brain voyager (TBV) 4.0 software (Brain Innovation, Maastricht, The Netherlands). Functional images are collected and processed in real time based on contrasts of regulation vs. rest conditions. The BOLD signal of the target region is then transformed into visual bars and displayed to participants via the projector screen while participants keep using regulation strategy (heartbeat interoception in our study) to upregulate the target region. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| BOLD signal of the anterior insula during neurofeedback training | The anterior insula activity induced by regulation relative to rest blocks in the neurofeedback training task and transfer task. | 1 hour |
| Behavioral measurements in the cognitive control tasks | Response time and accuracy are recorded in the cognitive control tasks (i.e., the Go/No-Go task, Stroop task, Task-switching, N-back task). | 1 hour |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain empathy ratings scores | Subjects were required to rate their empathic feeling towards painful pictures on a Likert Scale ranging from 1-9 (1 = not at all and 9 = very painful) after each block. | 1 hour |
| Strategy efficacy rating scores |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keith M Kendrick, Dr. | Contact | 86-28-61830811 | k.kendrick.uestc@gmail.com |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Yao Shuxia, Dr. | University of Electronic Science and Technology of China | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Electronic Science and Technology of China | Recruiting | Chengdu | Chengdu | 611731 | China |
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Subjects were required to rate the strategy efficacy on a Likert Scale ranging from 1-9 (1 = not at all and 9 = very) after each block.
| 1 hour |
| Intero-ceptive accuracy | The ratio of participants' perceived number of heartbeat relative to the recorded number of heartbeat in the heartbeat counting task. | 15 minutes |
| Confidence rating scores of interoceptive sensitivity | Subjects were asked to rate to what extent they can feel their heartbeat based on a Likert Scale ranging from 1-9 (1 = very low and 9 = very high) in the heartbeat counting task. | 15 minutes |