This study is an ambispective cohort study, the sample from patients were from both previously stored and freshly collected . The objective of this study is to investigate the molecular pathological changes underlying the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We will use single cell sequencing technology to analyze lung tissue samples from patients who underwent lung resection, with lung tissue from patients without COPD serving as controls. This research aims to provide insights into the pathogenesis of COPD.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Receiving lung resection surgery at the hospital for any reason；
• Diagnosed with COPD according to the 2024 GOLD guidelines；
• Tissue samples that meet collection requirements and are either agreed to be collected or already preserved；

Exclusion Criteria:

• Improper preservation of pathological specimens, refusal to consent to sample collection, or incomplete clinical information；
• Combined with other factors causing obstructive airflow limitation;
• Diagnosed with asthma according to the GINA 2023 guidelines and with a history of asthma exacerbations within the past year;
• Combined with Advanced lung cancer;
• Receiving systemic immunosuppressive medications such as anti-rejection drugs;

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