Participants aged 18 years and older with a navicular drop test result of at least 10 mm were included. Individuals with chronic diseases, hearing or vision impairments, orthopedic injuries or surgical history, and leg length discrepancy were excluded.

Participants undergo a heel rise test to assess plantar flexor muscle endurance. Postural and tibial sway are measured during single-leg stance using a wearable sensor under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. No therapeutic intervention is applied.

The number of repetitions participants can perform during the heel rise test, assessing the endurance of the plantar flexor muscles. Participants stood on one leg and raised their heels in time with a metronome set at 40 beats per minute. The test ended when the participant was fatigued or unable to continue, and the number of heel rises completed was recorded. The test was performed on both lower limbs.

Postural sway was assessed using the Alda Balance Gear wearable sensor. Sensor was assessed for medio-lateral (ML) and antero-posterior (AP) sway. The sensor was placed at the L3-L5 vertebral level using a belt device. Participants performed a single-leg stance for up to 30 seconds under eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions. The test ended if balance was lost and the foot touched the ground. Postural sway was recorded only on the dominant limb.