Routine radiographs are commonly obtained after spinal fusion surgery to monitor postoperative evolution and detect complications. However, the actual contribution of these radiographs to clinical decision-making remains unclear. This retrospective cohort study evaluates the frequency and clinical impact of routine postoperative radiographs in patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery at University Hospitals Leuven.

Routine radiographs are commonly obtained after spinal fusion surgery to assess implant position, fusion progress, and potential complications. Yet, their actual contribution to patient care remains uncertain, and routine use may expose patients to unnecessary radiation and increase healthcare costs.

In this retrospective cohort study, the investigators will evaluate the clinical utility of routine radiographs during the first postoperative year after spinal fusion surgery at University Hospitals Leuven (2011-2021).

The investigators will review each follow-up visit to record the clinical course, radiographic findings, and whether these influenced further diagnostic tests or therapeutic interventions.

The investigators will primarily assess how often radiographs lead to a change in management. Secondary analyses will determine the proportion of abnormal versus normal radiographs, the relationship between clinical course and imaging results, and whether demographic or surgical factors predict radiographic utility.

By analyzing nearly 1,000 patients and more than 2,800 visits, the investigators will provide one of the most comprehensive evaluations of routine postoperative radiographs to date, aiming to guide more efficient, evidence-based follow-up strategies.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients who underwent spinal fusion surgery at UZ Leuven, including the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine for a degenerative condition
• Adults of 18 years and older
• Follow up at least 3 months after surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Non-degenerative (kypho) scoliosis
• Indications other than degenerative conditions and (adult) isthmic spondylolisthesis (e.g. tumor, septic arthritis, trauma,…)
• Chronic neuromuscular disease

Patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery (2011-2021) for degenerative conditions at University Hospitals Leuven

This is a retrospective, single-center study. No individual participant data will be made publicly available. Summary results will be reported in peer-reviewed publications.