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This randomized, parallel-group clinical trial evaluates a 12-week adapted CrossFit program versus usual activity in community-dwelling older adults. The primary endpoint is change in Timed Up and Go (TUG) from baseline to 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include Functional Reach (FRT), Romberg (eyes closed), gait velocity, stride length, and lower-limb power tests (Chair-Stand, Stair Ascent, Stair Descent; time and W/kg). Sixty participants were randomized (1:1). Analyses used repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustments and Cohen's d effect sizes.
Participants were screened and randomized (1:1) to an adapted CrossFit program (12 weeks) or to maintain usual activities (no structured training). Baseline characterization included demographics, anthropometrics, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE ≥ 26), physical activity level, and handgrip strength. Balance outcomes: Romberg (s, eyes closed), gait velocity (m/s), stride length (cm), TUG (s), and FRT (cm). Lower-limb power: Chair-Stand (s; W/kg), Stair Ascent/Descent (s; W/kg). Statistical analysis: normality (Shapiro-Wilk), homogeneity (Levene), repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc, and Cohen's d effect sizes. A priori sample size (G*Power 3.1): effect size 0.25, α = 0.05, power 0.80 → target n = 60 to account for attrition.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adapted CrossFit Program | Experimental | Supervised, scaled functional multi-joint training tailored to older adults, combining strength and metabolic conditioning with progressive overload over 12 weeks. |
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| Usual Activity (Control) | No Intervention | Participants maintain habitual daily activities with no structured training. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adapted CrossFit Program (12 weeks) | Behavioral | Supervised sessions focused on functional, multi-joint movements adapted for older adults; emphasis on safety and progressive overload. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Timed Up and Go (TUG), seconds | Change in functional mobility. Shorter time indicates better performance and reduced risk of falls. | Baseline and Week 12 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Functional Reach Test (FRT) | Change in dynamic balance assessed by the distance a participant can reach forward without losing stability. Greater distance indicates better balance. | Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Chair-Stand Test (CST) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Community-dwelling older adults able to walk independently without assistance.
Cognitive function preserved, defined as a score of 26 points or higher on the Mini-Mental State Examination.
Absence of severe health conditions that would interfere with participation in exercise training.
Exclusion Criteria:
Presence of active neuromuscular or musculoskeletal disorders that prevent safe exercise participation.
Severe cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease that contraindicates moderate-intensity exercise.
Any other medical or psychological condition that, in the opinion of the investigators, would make participation unsafe or unreliable.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Jaén | Jaén | JAEN | 23009 | Spain |
De-identified individual data will be available on reasonable request to the corresponding author after publication and for 5 years, in accordance with data protection policies.
From 6 months after publication
Requests with a brief proposal; data use agreement required.
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Sit-to-stand repetitions (5 times). Lower time and higher relative power indicate better lower-limb strength and functional capacity.
| Baseline and 12 weeks |
| Fear of Falling (Falls Efficacy Scale-International, FES-I) | Self-reported concern about falling during daily activities. Higher scores indicate greater fear of falling. | Baseline and week 12 |
| Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) | Subjective sleep quality over the previous month. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality. | Baseline and week 12 |
| Anxiety and Depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) | Symptoms of anxiety and depression measured with HADS. Higher subscale scores indicate greater severity. | Baseline and week 12 |
| Gait Velocity, meters per second | Walking speed measured over a standardized distance. Higher speed indicates better mobility. | Baseline and week 12 |
| Stride Length, centimeters | Average step length during gait assessment. Longer stride indicates better gait performance. | Baseline and week 12 |
| Kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, TSK) | Fear of movement measured with the Tampa Scale. Higher scores indicate greater kinesiophobia. | Baseline and week 12 |