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This study is the first to examine the effects of short passive heat exposure on heat acclimation (HA). Unlike traditional protocols requiring prolonged heat exposure, this study tests whether a daily 5-minute whole-body immersions at 45°C water repeated over two weeks can trigger adaptive responses, offering a potentially more accessible and time-efficient method for heat acclimation. This study aims to investigate whether brief, repeated passive heat exposure can induce HA in both female and male participants. It evaluates changes across physiological, biological, and psychological markers to determine the efficacy of this minimal-exposure protocol. It is hypothesized that such short, repeated immersions may be sufficient to elicit significant adaptive responses across key HA indicators.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heat acclimation | Experimental |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heat acclimation | Other | Passive heat acclimation was designed to induce adaptation in participants through 14 consecutive days of controlled 5-minute whole-body immersion in water at 45°C. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Dehydration (kg) | Dehydration (in kg) was assessed by calculating body mass loss (Tanita Body Composition Analyzer; USA) during heat exposure. | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Heart rate (bpm) | Heart rate (in bpm) was recorded using a heart rate sensor with a chest strap (Polar, Finland). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (in mmHg) was measured using with an automatic cuff monitor (Gentle+, Microlife, Switzerland). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | Pulse pressure (in mmHg) was calculated by subtracting diastolic blood pressure from systolic blood pressure. | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Rate of pressure production (AU) | Rate of pressure production (in AU) was calculated by multiplying heart rate , by systolic blood pressure. | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Shivering/sweating (points) | The shivering/sweating rate will be evaluated using 7-point scale. The rating of shivering/sweating range from 1 (heavily sweating) to 7 (vigorously shivering), with 4 being neutral. | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Height (cm) | Height (in cm) was measured using a Harpenden anthropometer set (Holtain Ltd, UK). | During enrollment |
| Body mass and body composition (kg) | Body mass and composition (in kg) was evaluated using Tanita Body Composition Analyzer (USA). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuanian Sports University | Kaunas | Lithuania |
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| Thermal comfort (points) | Thermal comfort will be evaluated using 4-point scale. The rating of thermal comfort range from 0 (neutral) to 3 (very uncomfortable). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Body temperature (°C) | Rectal temperature (in °C) was measured using a thermocouple (Rectal Probe, Ellab, Denmark) inserted to a depth of 12 cm past the anal sphincter, skin temperature (in °C) was measured with thermistors (Skin/Surface Probe, DM852, Ellab), and muscle temperature (in °C) was measured using a needle microprobe (MKA; Ellab). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Physiological strain index | Physiological strain index (PSI) was used to indicate heat strain. PSI = 5 x (Tret - Tre0) x (39.5 - Tre0)^-1+ 5 x (HRt - HR0) x (180 - HR0)^-1, where rectal temperature (Tre) t and heart rate (HR) t are simultaneous measurements taken at the end of the heat exposure and Tre0 and HR0 are the initial measurements. | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Oxygen consumption (mL/min/kg) | Oxygen consumption (in mL/min/kg) was measured using Cortex METALYZR® 3B, Leipcig, Germany). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Carbon dioxide output (mL/min/kg) | Carbon dioxide output (in mL/min/kg) was measured using Cortex METALYZR® 3B, Leipcig, Germany). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Carbon dioxide output (mL/min) | Carbon dioxide output (in mL/min) was measured using Cortex METALYZR® 3B, Leipcig, Germany). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Oxygen consumption (mL/min) | Oxygen consumption (in mL/min) was measured using Cortex METALYZR® 3B, Leipcig, Germany). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Respiratory quotient | The respiratory quotient was calculated by dividing the carbon dioxide output by the oxygen consumption. This ratio was used to assess substrate utilization. The values for fat is assumed as 0.7, for protein is assumed as 0.8 and for carbohydrate is assumed as 1.0. | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Ventilation (L/min) | Ventilation (in L/min) was measured using Cortex METALYZR® 3B, Germany). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Tidal volume (L) | Tidal volume (in L) was measured using Cortex METALYZR® 3B, Germany). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Breathing frequency (t/min) | Breathing frequency (t/min) was measured using Cortex METALYZR® 3B, Germany). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Body mass index (kg/m^2) | Body mass index (in kg/m^2) will be defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height. | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Body composition (%) | Body composition (in %) was evaluated using Tanita Body Composition Analyzer (USA). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Maximal oxygen consumption (in mL/min/kg) | Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (in mL/min/kg) was defined through a maximal incremental exercise test conducted on an electromechanically braked cycling ergometer (Ergometrics-800S; Ergoline Medical Measurement Systems, Germany) and was measured on a breath-by-breath basis using a stationary MetaLyzer® 3B spiroergometry system (Cortex Biophysik GmbH, Germany). | During enrollment |
| Prolactin (ng/mL) | Serum prolactin (in ng/mL) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and a Spark multimode microplate reader (Tecan, Austria). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| 17beta-estradiol (pg/mL) | Serum 17beta-estradiol (in pg/mL) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and a Spark multimode microplate reader (Tecan, Austria). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |
| Progesterone (ng/mL) | Serum progesterone (in ng/mL) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and a Spark multimode microplate reader (Tecan, Austria). | From enrollment to the end of deacclimation (one month after the 14-day heat acclimation period). |