The objective of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility and performance of real-time CGM for titrating CII via: (1) evaluation of CGM glucose accuracy in oncology and post-transplant population receiving IV insulin therapy, and (2) assessing both nursing acceptance/convenience and patient satisfaction with CGM use. A randomized prospective trial model will be used comparing glucose control (glucometrics hypoglycemia), patient experience and nursing satisfaction in cancer patients receiving IV insulin therapy where monitoring is done via: a) hybrid protocol originally developed by Faulds et al. integrating CGM with periodic POC-BG tests to monitor and ensure the ongoing accuracy of CGM measurements (available at http://www.covidindiabetes.org). b) standard care with hourly POC testing and blinded professional CGM.Inclusion criteria: Eligible patients include oncology and post-transplant patients receiving IV insulin therapy while on corticosteroid treatment and receiving specialized nutrition. Exclusion criteria: medically instable patients receiving pressor therapy and ICU level of care. Outcome evaluation; Patients' characteristics were collected through the EHR. Glucometrics will be collected throughout the study to include mean BS, % in range ( 80-180) , patient day hypoglycemia , patient stay hypoglycemia . Nursing surveys: Survey will be provided for nurses to assess nursing burden, acceptability. Nurses will complete a survey before starting the project and again after being involved in the initial and ongoing validation phases of CGM at the end of the project. The purpose is to report their convenience with using CGM and their preferred glucose monitoring method, which included POC arterial blood, POC finger sticks, and CGM. Nursing surveys will be administrated electronically to nursing staff and the results will be uploaded automatically. Patient survey: Patients will be approached by the team members to inquire about the willingness to provide feedback. The questionnaire will assess their experiences of care with CGM (options: very good, good, fair, poor), glucose check without pain and disruptions of sleep (yes/no), and overall confidence of care with CGM process (very confident, quite confident, somewhat confident, little confident). Patient surveys will handed out by the team members, and the results were subsequently entered into database (See both nursing and patient surveys in Supplementary Material.)

The objective of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility and performance of real-time CGM for titrating Continuous Insulin Infusion Therapy (CII) via: (1) evaluation of CGM glucose accuracy in oncology and post-transplant population receiving IV insulin therapy, and (2) assessing both nursing acceptance/convenience and patient satisfaction with CGM use. (3) Background and Rationale

Managing blood glucose in the hospital is challenging but important. Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia have been associated with increased length of stay, decreased wound healing, and mortality. For patients experiencing severe hyperglycemia and for those with rapidly changing insulin requirement, insulin infusion therapy is considered a mainstay of hospital management. The short half-life of intravenous insulin allows for precise titration of insulin drip that is facilitated by frequent glucose monitoring. However CII therapy also poses unique challenges. Safe administration of insulin by this route is very labor intensive for the nursing staff. This is particularly true for patients receiving insulin drips on the general floor and step down unit where nursing/patient ratios are typically 1-4 to 1-6 .

Placing a CGM sensor on these patients would provide nursing staff with the ability to monitor blood glucose levels with minimal patient disruption for finger stick glucose checks. The use of CGM is endorsed by Endocrine Society's 2022 Guidelines to effectively achieve glycemic targets and reduce hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Adjunctive use of CGM in addition to POC testing has been described as safe and effective for patients receiving insulin drips.

In addition, utilizing insulin drips for days on, is burdensome for the patient due to hourly finger sticks and disruption of sleep and impaired wellbeing associated with the process. Evidence demonstrates decreasing sleep disruptions may reduce delirium, hypertension, and mortality and improve the overall patient experience. Current standard of care requires that patients receiving insulin infusions receives POC monitoring every 1-2 hours, day or night, resulting in significant pain associated with PPC testing and the need to wake patients up during their sleep. With the adjunctive use of CGM monitoring POC testing would be reduced to every 6 hours.

Lastly, safety is an important consideration. Hypoglycemia is a common complication of insulin therapy even with close monitoring. In our institution, last year there were 210 hypoglycemic events were recorded for patients receiving insulin infusions (~ 8.6% of patients on insulin drips). The causes are multifactorial, with significant contribution of those related to algorithm adjustment, however failure to keep with hourly POC due to time constraints and logistical barriers in workflow contributed.

A 2018 study found the average marginal cost for an inpatient stay with a hypoglycemic adverse event was $4,312 per event. This increase in cost is related to an increase in average length of stay, an increase of 38.9% in total charges, increase in likelihood of requiring skilled nursing care post discharge, and a 7% increase of in-hospital mortality.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age >19 years old
• Patients with diabetes or stress induced hyperglycemia requiring continuous insulin infusion therapy, with anticipated duration of this therapy being > 24 hours. Specifically, we will include
• Patients with Type 2 diabetes; or if not previously diagnosed as having diabetes, HbA1c >7.0% (laboratory-measured at or since hospital admission or within prior 3-months).
• Type 1 diabetes, as well as atypical forms of diabetes (including pancreatectomy and pancreatitis) and
• Stress hyperglycemia defined as at least 1 blood glucose measurement >180 mg/dL since admission in a patient without history of diabetes, if CII is indicated per treating physician
• Insulin drip (CII) already initiated since admission or planned to be initiated
• Non-critical hospitalization with expected duration of CII > 24 hours at time of randomization
• Oncology and post-transplant population receiving IV insulin therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Inability to provide written consent
• Medically unstable patients receiving pressor therapy and ICU level of care.
• Patients transferred from ICU with an expected requirement for CII > 24 hours on a non-ICU floor are eligible)
• For women of childbearing potential: currently pregnant or breastfeeding
• Hypoxia (O2 saturation < 90 %) present at time of potential enrollment
• Hemoglobin < 7 mg/dL;
• Anasarca present at time of potential enrollment
• Use of hydroxyurea or high dose acetaminophen use of >4g daily as those are substances known to interfere with CGM system.
• eGFR < 20 mL/min or dialysis being received or planned
• Known allergy to medical grade adhesives or a skin condition that may impact CGM performance per investigator discretion
• Admission for Diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

Nurse Participants:

• Adults aged 19 and older involved in the routine care of the patient participants
• Adequate proficiency to understand and provide informed consent in English

he blinded CGM data will not be visible to the participant, nursing staff, or other care providers. The blinded CGM data will be used for data analysis following the completion of the participant's participation.