This study is designed to compare two surgical techniques for removing kidney stones in children and adolescents (ages 6-18 years). Both methods are types of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), a standard procedure for kidney stones larger than 10 mm.

In the traditional method, a temporary tube (nephrostomy tube) is left in the kidney after surgery to drain urine. In the newer "tubeless" method, the tube is not used, and only a small internal stent may be placed. We want to find out if the tubeless method is as safe and effective as the traditional method, and whether it reduces pain, hospital stay, and the need for blood transfusions. The study involves 640 patients at Khyber Teaching Hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. Each participant is randomly assigned to one of the two techniques.

Pediatric kidney stones are increasingly common and often require surgical management when stones are larger than 10 mm or fail to pass with conservative treatment. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold standard for such cases. Traditionally, PCNL involves the placement of a nephrostomy tube to ensure postoperative drainage. However, this tube can increase discomfort, lengthen hospital stay, and sometimes lead to bleeding.

Recent advances in adult populations suggest that "tubeless" PCNL-where no external drainage tube is left-may reduce postoperative pain, decrease hospital stay, and improve recovery, without compromising safety. Evidence in children remains limited, mostly from small retrospective series.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, between October 2024 and March 2025. A total of 640 pediatric patients aged 6-18 years with renal stones >10 mm were randomized into two groups: Group A (Tubeless PCNL, n=320) and Group B (Tube PCNL, n=320). All procedures were performed by a single experienced pediatric urologist using standardized mini-PCNL techniques.

The primary outcomes include operative time, hospital stay, blood transfusion requirement, and stone-free status on discharge. Secondary outcomes include postoperative pain scores, analgesic use, complications (graded by Clavien-Dindo classification), time to resumption of normal activities, and patient/family satisfaction.

By directly comparing the two approaches in a large pediatric cohort, this study provides high-quality evidence to determine whether tubeless PCNL should be considered the preferred technique in appropriately selected children.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children aged 6 to 18 years
• Either gender
• Renal calculi larger than 10 mm on imaging
• Failed conservative management or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
• Normal renal function
• Informed consent from parents/guardians
• Assent from children aged 12 years and above

Exclusion Criteria:

• Prior renal surgery or ureteral stenting
• Congenital urological anomalies
• Active urinary tract infection at the time of surgery
• Known bleeding disorders or use of anticoagulant medication
• Significant comorbid medical conditions
• Pregnancy (in adolescent females)

Data sharing plans have not been finalized. This will depend on journal requirements, funding agency policies, and institutional guidelines at the time of publication.