Participants in this group received postural taping using dynamic tape aimed at correcting forward head posture, rounded shoulders, and thoracic kyphosis. The tape was worn continuously throughout the intervention period, 24 hours a day. It was reapplied if participants reported detachment; otherwise, it was replaced every three days. In addition to taping, participants performed a corrective exercise program based on the NASM Corrective Exercise Continuum, which included four phases: inhibit, lengthen, activate, and integrate. The intervention lasted for three weeks, with 3 to 4 sessions per week, totaling 10 training sessions. Each session lasted approximately 60 to 75 minutes.

Participants in this group received postural taping using dynamic tape aimed at correcting forward head posture, rounded shoulders, and thoracic kyphosis. The taping method was identical to that used in the DT + EX group. The tape was worn continuously throughout the intervention period, 24 hours a day. It was reapplied if participants reported detachment; otherwise, it was replaced every three days. The intervention lasted for three weeks. No corrective exercise intervention was provided to this group.

Participants in this group performed only the corrective exercise component used in the DT + EX group. The program was based on the NASM Corrective Exercise Continuum and included four phases: inhibit, lengthen, activate, and integrate. The intervention lasted for three weeks, with 3 to 4 sessions per week, totaling 10 training sessions. Each session lasted approximately 60 to 75 minutes. No taping was applied to this group.

Dynamic Tape is a viscoelastic tape designed to assist movement and absorb load. The material is composed of either Nylon/Lycra or Recycled PET/Lycra.

The craniovertebral angle (CVA) and shoulder sagittal angle (SSA) were measured using the Physiomaster mobile application. During the measurement, the examiner positioned the smartphone to align the subject's image with the vertical and horizontal reference lines on the screen and then captured a photograph. The anatomical landmarks used for angle determination included the lateral canthus of the eye, the tragus of the ear, the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7), and the midpoint of the line connecting the acromial processes.

The thoracic kyphosis angle was measured using the Angle Meter mobile application. First, the device was calibrated to 0°. The smartphone was then placed at the level just inferior to T1 and subsequently at the level superior to T12. The kyphosis angle was calculated by summing the two measured angles.

Cervical proprioception was assessed using the Head Repositioning Accuracy (HRA) test with a cervical range of motion (CROM) device. Participants were instructed to adopt and recognize the neutral head position (0°). The head was then passively guided to 30° of flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. After each movement, participants actively returned to the perceived neutral position under both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. The repositioning error was defined as the angular difference between the actual and the perceived 0° position