(1) Toe Yoga : When MTPJ1 actively dorsiflexes, the other four toes remain in contact with the ground. The subject lifts the big toe while the remaining four toes stay on the ground; conversely, when the big toe contacts the ground, the other four toes lift upward, alternating this pattern. (2)Doming: While keeping MTPJ1 in contact with the ground, elevate the foot arch. This exercise strengthens intrinsic foot muscle strength, helping stabilize the arch and first metatarsal. The subject tightens the toes, bringing the forefoot toward the heel to form and enhance the arch. Maintain all toes firmly planted on the ground, ensuring no ankle inversion, no forced flexion or extension of toes, and hold at maximum position. Perform training seated to avoid compensatory movements by external muscles during exercise. (3) Toe Abduction Exercises（4）Dynamic Exercise Progression

subjects wore athletic shorts, fully exposing the waist and the area below the mid-thigh. After reflective markers were attached, subjects familiarized themselves with the movement collection requirements and procedures according to the testing protocol. They stood in the center of the testing room with their feet shoulder-width apart and upper limbs resting naturally at their sides, maintaining the subtalar joint in a neutral position. A static test was conducted to collect reference data for defining the coordinate systems of the bone segments. Subsequently, participants performed walking, jogging, side-cutting, jumping, and single-leg balance tasks at a self-selected comfortable pace. Sufficient rest was provided between trials to prevent fatigue. Five valid trials were collected for each movement, and the average of three trials was used for analysis.

Goniometric measurement: The subject removes footwear and stands weight-bearing on a yoga mat, actively dorsiflexing the big toe. The tester measures the dorsiflexion angle of the big toe using a goniometer. The goniometer's axis is aligned with the big toe's MTPJ1, with the fixed arm parallel to the first metatarsal and the movable arm parallel to the first proximal phalanx. The movable arm is adjusted according to the subject's dorsiflexion angle, with measurements recorded. Three trials are performed and averaged.

Vicon measurement: The subject's MTPJ1 angle during walking is recorded using Vicon technology.