Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy was recommended as a first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. This study aimed to compare real-world outcomes of various bismuth-containging quadruple regimens and identify factors influencing treatment failure. A multicenter retrospective analysis was conducted and study outcomes included eradication rates and incidence of adverse events.

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients aged 18-70 years, regardless of gender;
• absent history of receiving H. pylori eradication therapy;
• diagnosed with H. pylori infection through at least one of the following methods: rapid urease test, ¹³C/¹⁴C-urea breath test, or histopathological examination.

Exclusion Criteria:

• patients with incomplete medical records, including missing treatment details, absence of post-treatment follow-up test results, or failure to complete essential follow-up assessments;
• patients who received treatment regimens that did not comply with the quadruple regimens specified in this study.

(1) patients aged 18-70 years, regardless of gender; (2) absent history of receiving H. pylori eradication therapy; (3) diagnosed with H. pylori infection through at least one of the following methods: rapid urease test, ¹³C/¹⁴C-urea breath test, or histopathological examination.