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This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of music listening on anxiety and pain among women following cesarean delivery. A total of 110 women who had undergone cesarean section were included. Beginning at the 24th postpartum hour, participants in the intervention group listened to relaxing classical music for 15 minutes every hour, while no intervention was applied to the control group. The study was designed to determine whether music listening could influence postpartum anxiety and perceived pain.
Postpartum women undergoing cesarean section often experience significant levels of anxiety and pain, which can negatively affect recovery and maternal-infant bonding. In addition to pharmacological methods, non-pharmacological strategies such as music listening may play an important role in supporting women during this period. In this study, 110 women who had undergone cesarean delivery were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Starting at the 24th postpartum hour until the 48th hour, women in the intervention group listened to relaxing classical instrumental music (e.g., works by Mozart, Vivaldi, and Debussy) for 15 minutes every hour. The control group received no intervention. Participants' demographic and clinical characteristics were collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, while postpartum anxiety and pain perception were assessed with the Postpartum-Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). The primary outcome was anxiety, and the secondary outcome was pain perception. The study sought to assess whether a music-based, culturally appropriate, non-pharmacological intervention could be an effective component of routine postpartum care following cesarean delivery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental - Music Listening | Experimental | Women in the intervention group listened to relaxing classical instrumental music (e.g., works by Mozart, Vivaldi, and Debussy) for 15 minutes every hour, starting at the 24th postpartum hour until the 48th hour. |
|
| No Intervention - Control | No Intervention | Women in the control group received routine postpartum care without any additional intervention. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Music Listening (Relaxing Classical Music) | Behavioral | Participants listened to a standardized playlist of relaxing classical instrumental music (e.g., Mozart, Vivaldi, Debussy) for 15 minutes every hour, beginning at the 24th postpartum hour until the 48th hour. The intervention aimed to reduce postpartum anxiety and pain perception. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postpartum Anxiety | Measured using the Postpartum-Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) at the 48th postpartum hour. Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety. | 48th postpartum hour |
| Pain Catastrophizing | Measured using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) at the 48th postpartum hour. Higher scores indicate greater pain catastrophizing. | 48th postpartum hour |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total Duration of Music Listening | Total number of minutes of music listened by participants in the intervention group across the intervention period. | Between the 24th and 48th postpartum hour |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Primiparous (first-time mothers)
Underwent cesarean section under spinal anesthesia
Mentally healthy and able to communicate
No hearing impairments (able to hear the music intervention)
No chronic illnesses
No complications during labor for mother or newborn
Proficient in Turkish
Voluntarily agreed to participate and provided informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
Multiparous women (previous childbirth experience)
Women who used non-routine analgesics beyond standard postpartum pain relievers
Presence of psychiatric disorders or severe mental illness
Medical complications during or after delivery for mother or infant
Hearing impairments preventing participation in music listening
Women unwilling or unable to comply with the intervention protocol
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selcuk University | Konya | 42100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41182331 | Derived | Akin B, Ozdemir S. The Effect of Music Played During the Postoperative Period on Pain and Anxiety Levels in Women Who Underwent Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Integr Complement Med. 2026 Mar;32(3):296-302. doi: 10.1177/27683605251389490. Epub 2025 Oct 28. |
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Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D010146 | Pain |
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Participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group, which received music listening, or the control group, with no intervention, in a parallel assignment model
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|
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| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |