Participants received LLLT with a Ga-Al-As diode laser (830 nm, 100 mW) applied to anterior capsule, posterior capsule, and subacromial area (4 J/cm² per site, 60-90 sec each), three times per week for 8 weeks. Along with LLLT, all participants received conventional therapy (moist heat, pendulum exercises, passive/active-assisted ROM, isometric strengthening, and postural correction training).

Participants received MET for shoulder muscle groups (internal/external rotators, flexors, extensors). Each contraction was ~20% effort, held for 10 sec, followed by 5 sec relaxation and passive stretch to a new end range. Three to five cycles per group, ~20 minutes/session, three times per week for 8 weeks. Along with MET, all participants received the same conventional therapy as Arm A.

Participants received LLLT using a gallium-aluminium-arsenide (Ga-Al-As) diode laser device (BTL-5000, UK). The laser operated at a wavelength of 830 nm and a power output of 100 mW. Irradiation was applied at three sites (anterior capsule, posterior capsule, subacromial area) using a stationary-contact technique for 60-90 seconds each, delivering 4 J/cm² per site. Sessions were administered three times weekly for eight weeks.

Conventional Therapy (for both groups):

15 minutes of moist heat (Chattanooga Hydrocollator)

Pendulum exercises

Passive and active-assisted ROM exercises

Isometric strengthening of rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers

Postural correction training

Measured using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, a validated patient-reported outcome measure assessing disability and symptoms related to upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Higher scores indicate greater disability.