Assess cesarean sections by collecting data from their patient surveys and chart.

Assess gestational hypertension/preeclampsia diagnosis by collecting data from their patient surveys and chart.

Assess neonatal morbidity by collecting neonatal 5-min Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration (APAGAR) score <7. Each of the five criteria can be scored 0-2 with a possible total test score ranging from 0-10 with three subcategories; reassuring: score 7-10, moderately abnormal: 4-6 and low: 0-3. A higher score indicates better neonatal outcomes.

Assess neonatal morbidity by collecting neonatal ICU admissions

Assess antepartum depression using Edinburgh depression screening tool. Edinburgh score scale range is from 0 to 30, a lower score is better as it indicates a participant is less likely to experience depression; the test denotes the following scoring interpretations for total scores: 0-6: minimal depression, 7-13: mild depression, 14-19: moderate depression, 19-30: severe depression. Reporting mean score for the antepartum phase of the study; participants were 14-28 weeks gestation at their study enrollment visit and mean gestational age at delivery for the doula-enhanced group was 37 weeks 5days and 38 weeks 1day for the routine care group.

Assess postpartum depression using Edinburgh depression screening tool. Edinburgh score scale range is from 0 to 30, a lower score is better as it indicates a participant is less likely to experience depression; the test denotes the following scoring interpretations for total scores: 0-6: minimal depression, 7-13: mild depression, 14-19: moderate depression, 19-30: severe depression. Reporting mean score for the postpartum phase in study participation starting post-delivery during their hospital admission until 6-weeks postpartum.

Assess pain management by using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was used for patient's perception of postpartum pain. Zero (0) is the minimum score, which represents the patient reporting no pain, 10 is the maximum score which represents the patient reporting the most intense pain possible. Lower scores are associated with lower postpartum pain perception (better outcome) and higher scores are associated with higher postpartum pain perception (worse outcome) from delivery (mean gestational age at delivery for the doula-enhanced group was 37 weeks 5days and 38 weeks 1day for the routine care group) until hospital discharge.

Description: Assess pain management via postpartum total morphine milliequivalent used per the patient's medical chart. Postpartum morphine milliequivalents are reported as the total oral pain medication administered during the postpartum period (this excludes variations in epidural infusion and medications received parenterally). Highest reported mean range pain rating reported by participants on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (excessive pain) from delivery (mean gestational age at delivery for the doula-enhanced group was 37 weeks 5days and 38 weeks 1day for the routine care group) until hospital discharge.

Assess lactation status by asking and recording participants response about initiating lactation and breastfeeding during their labor and delivery admission.

Assess lactation status from birth after labor and delivery discharge to 6-week postpartum, by asking and recording participants' responses about their lactation and breastfeed state during their postpartum visits.

Total of all reporting groups

This group received routine pregnancy care.

Assess patient's perceptions of maternal care using a Likert scale survey (i.e. their physician spending time with the patient talking to them about their labor and delivery expectations) Survey scale was 1 to 5 and correlated with agreement or disagreement. Reporting Likert's mean score as surveys were collected at three study timepoints (1. Baseline at study enrollment, 2. Immediately post-delivery, 3. 6-weeks postpartum); higher mean scores indicated more responses in disagreement.

Assess gestational age (GA) at delivery by collecting data from their patient surveys and chart. GA at delivery (write number with one decimal place - "weeks.days". For example, 23 weeks and 4 days = 23.4)

Assess preterm <37 weeks births by collecting data from their patient surveys and chart.

Assess cesarean sections by collecting data from their patient surveys and chart.

Assess gestational hypertension/preeclampsia diagnosis by collecting data from their patient surveys and chart.

Assess neonatal morbidity by collecting neonatal 5-min Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration (APAGAR) score <7. Each of the five criteria can be scored 0-2 with a possible total test score ranging from 0-10 with three subcategories; reassuring: score 7-10, moderately abnormal: 4-6 and low: 0-3. A higher score indicates better neonatal outcomes.

Assess neonatal morbidity by collecting neonatal ICU admissions

Assess antepartum depression using Edinburgh depression screening tool. Edinburgh score scale range is from 0 to 30, a lower score is better as it indicates a participant is less likely to experience depression; the test denotes the following scoring interpretations for total scores: 0-6: minimal depression, 7-13: mild depression, 14-19: moderate depression, 19-30: severe depression. Reporting mean score for the antepartum phase of the study; participants were 14-28 weeks gestation at their study enrollment visit and mean gestational age at delivery for the doula-enhanced group was 37 weeks 5days and 38 weeks 1day for the routine care group.

Assess postpartum depression using Edinburgh depression screening tool. Edinburgh score scale range is from 0 to 30, a lower score is better as it indicates a participant is less likely to experience depression; the test denotes the following scoring interpretations for total scores: 0-6: minimal depression, 7-13: mild depression, 14-19: moderate depression, 19-30: severe depression. Reporting mean score for the postpartum phase in study participation starting post-delivery during their hospital admission until 6-weeks postpartum.

Assess pain management by using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was used for patient's perception of postpartum pain. Zero (0) is the minimum score, which represents the patient reporting no pain, 10 is the maximum score which represents the patient reporting the most intense pain possible. Lower scores are associated with lower postpartum pain perception (better outcome) and higher scores are associated with higher postpartum pain perception (worse outcome) from delivery (mean gestational age at delivery for the doula-enhanced group was 37 weeks 5days and 38 weeks 1day for the routine care group) until hospital discharge.

Description: Assess pain management via postpartum total morphine milliequivalent used per the patient's medical chart. Postpartum morphine milliequivalents are reported as the total oral pain medication administered during the postpartum period (this excludes variations in epidural infusion and medications received parenterally). Highest reported mean range pain rating reported by participants on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (excessive pain) from delivery (mean gestational age at delivery for the doula-enhanced group was 37 weeks 5days and 38 weeks 1day for the routine care group) until hospital discharge.

Assess lactation status by asking and recording participants response about initiating lactation and breastfeeding during their labor and delivery admission.

Assess lactation status from birth after labor and delivery discharge to 6-week postpartum, by asking and recording participants' responses about their lactation and breastfeed state during their postpartum visits.

This group received routine pregnancy care.