This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a structured exercise program on physical function, psychological well-being, quality of life, and spiritual well-being in hospitalized older adults. A total of 100 inpatients aged 65 years or older were assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group participated in a multicomponent exercise program during hospitalization, including resistance training, stretching, and walking, while the control group received routine care. Assessments were performed before and after the intervention using physical performance tests, questionnaires, and well-being scales. The goal is to determine whether such a program can improve mobility, daily living independence, mood, and overall well-being in older patients during hospitalization.

This single-center, parallel-group randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of a structured exercise program on multiple dimensions of health in hospitalized older adults. Eligible participants were adults aged ≥65 years, admitted from the emergency department to two internal medicine wards in a teaching hospital in central Taiwan, able to communicate, capable of standing and walking (with or without assistive devices), and willing to participate in the program.

Participants in the intervention group received a structured, multicomponent exercise program consisting of resistance training, stretching, and walking. The program began on the second day of hospitalization and continued until discharge, with a frequency of five sessions per week. Each session lasted approximately 30 minutes, including about 20 minutes of resistance and stretching exercises targeting major muscle groups through functional movements (e.g., sit-to-stand, leg flexion-extension) and flexibility exercises for the upper arms, back, and posterior legs, performed in 2 to 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions. Each session also incorporated approximately 10 minutes of walking, with intensity adjusted according to individual tolerance. All sessions were supervised by trained nurses or physical therapists to ensure correct performance and safety.

The control group received routine inpatient care without structured exercise.

Primary outcomes included measures of physical function (Timed Up and Go test, 6-meter walk test, Functional Reach Test, Handgrip strength, and Barthel Index) and psychological health (5-item Geriatric Depression Scale). Secondary outcomes included quality of life (EQ-5D-3L, EQ Visual Analogue Scale) and spiritual well-being (Spiritual Index of Well-Being). All assessments were conducted at baseline (admission) and before discharge by trained assessors blinded to group allocation.

The study aimed to determine whether implementing a structured exercise program during hospitalization could improve multidimensional health outcomes, and to provide evidence for integrating holistic, non-pharmacological interventions into geriatric inpatient care.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥ 65 years
• Able to communicate
• Capable of standing and walking (with or without assistive devices)
• Willing to participate in both the study and the exercise intervention

Exclusion Criteria:

• Impaired consciousness
• Acute inflammatory conditions (e.g., gout, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure)
• Physician-ordered activity restrictions at admission
• Diagnosed psychiatric disorders or history of epilepsy
• Severe disability requiring total assistance in daily life

De-identified individual participant data (IPD) underlying the published results, including baseline characteristics and all primary and secondary outcome measures, will be shared. A data dictionary will be provided to describe variable definitions. Data will be available upon reasonable request after publication.

Data will be available beginning 6 months after publication and ending 5 years thereafter

Researchers must submit a methodologically sound research proposal and sign a Data Use Agreement. Requests will be reviewed by the principal investigator to ensure compliance with ethical and legal requirements.

Outcome assessors and data analysts were blinded to group allocation to minimize assessment and analysis bias. Participants and care providers were not blinded due to the nature of the intervention.