The intervention program consists of gamified physical activities, incorporating game elements such as game scenarios, mechanisms, and components into the teaching content.

Participants in the control group received the regular physical education curriculum.

This study implemented a gamified physical activity intervention aimed at improving sensory integration abilities among first-grade students with sensory processing difficulties. The intervention program incorporated game narratives, mechanisms, and components into physical education activities, guided by the Octalysis Framework to strategically engage both extrinsic (e.g., rewards, rankings) and intrinsic (e.g., creativity, social interaction, meaning) motivational drives.

Sensory integration ability was measured using the Participants' Sensory Integration Development Evaluation Scale. The scale consists of 58 items rated on a five-point Likert scale and covers vestibular function, tactile defensiveness, proprioception, learning ability, and special problems; the last dimension was excluded due to the participants' age. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at three months.

was measured using the 50 m sprint. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at three months.

Flexibility was measured using the sit-and-reach test. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at three months.

Coordination was measured using the one-minute rope skipping test. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at three months.

Balance was measured using the single-leg stance with eyes closed. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at three months.

Lower-limb strength was measured using the standing long jump. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at three months.