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This clinical trial aims to investigate the effects of different exercise modalities on energy metabolism and muscle activation in both normal-weight and overweight university students.
The main question it aims to answer is:
Compared to normal-weight university students, does slow jogging at different step frequencies reduce body weight and increase energy expenditure (and metabolic rate) in overweight university students? Compared to normal-weight university students, does slow jogging at different step frequencies enhance muscle activation effects in overweight university students?
Researchers will compare three distinct step frequencies during slow jogging (162, 180, and 198 steps per minute) to determine which exercise modality is potentially more effective for increasing energy expenditure and metabolic rate.
Participants will:
Participants will sequentially undergo three separate testing sessions, each involving ultra-slow running at one of the three step frequencies (162, 180, or 198 steps per minute).
Testing sessions will occur once per week in the laboratory.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Step frequency group 1 | Experimental | Participants will receive step frequency in the following order: First test: 162 steps per minute; Second test: 180 steps per minute; Third test: 198 steps per minute. |
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| Step frequency group 2 | Experimental | Participants will receive step frequency in the following order: First test: 162 steps per minute; Second test: 198 steps per minute; Third test: 180 steps per minute. |
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| Step frequency group 3 | Experimental | Participants will receive step frequency in the following order: First test: 180 steps per minute; Second test: 162 steps per minute; Third test: 198 steps per minute. |
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| Step frequency group 4 | Experimental | Participants will receive step frequency in the following order: First test: 180 steps per minute; Second test: 198 steps per minute; Third test: 162 steps per minute. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 162 step frequency | Behavioral | The exercise protocol lasted 21 minutes, comprising a 10-minute period of slow-pace running, preceded by a 3-minute quiet resting period and a 3-minute warm-up, and followed by a 5-minute recovery period after the warm-up and slow-pace running. 162 steps per minute crossover to 180 steps per minute and 198 steps per minute. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) | Subjects abstained from strenuous activity, substances (medication/alcohol/caffeine), and smoking 24h pre-test; females avoided menstruation. Post 12h fast/sleep, subjects rested seated 15min. Resting HR measured (Polar RS400). Subjects fitted with cardiopulmonary telemetry (Cortex Metamax 3B), positioned supine. Maintained steady breathing, upward gaze, minimal movement. HR/V̇O₂ monitored until stabilization. 10min data collection; steady state = <5% V̇O₂ fluctuation over 5min. | Baseline |
| Energy Expenditure at Step Frequencies | Telemetry/HR monitor worn for 3min warm-up. First test: 10min treadmill run (5 km/h) with HR/V̇O₂ recording. Two subsequent sessions followed. Randomized crossover prevented order effects: subjects drew lots for step frequency sequence (162, 180, 198 steps/min). Metronome ensured adherence. | through study completion, an average of 4 weeks |
| Heart rate | Upon entering the laboratory, subjects wore a heart rate telemetry monitor (RS400 Polar, Finland) and rested seated for 15 minutes to obtain resting heart rate. Following warm-up, subjects commenced testing. A heart rate monitor was secured on the right wrist pre-exercise to continuously monitor heart rate during activity. | through study completion, an average of 4 weeks |
| Electromyographic indicators | Wireless surface EMG data were acquired using the Trigno system (Delsys®, USA) at 2000 Hz. Electrodes were positioned at the mid-belly of each muscle parallel to the muscle fiber orientation. Signals were recorded from the:Biceps femoris、Rectus femoris、Tibialis anterior、Lateral gastrocnemius、Medial gastrocnemius. EMGworks Analysis® software (Delsys) processed raw signals. | through study completion, an average of 4 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) | EPOC was calculated from pre-/post-exercise oxygen consumption (O₂PRE/O₂POST) measured via portable cardiopulmonary telemetry (Cortex Metamax 3B): EPOC (L) = O₂POST (L) - O₂PRE (L) where: EPOC denotes excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, O₂POST represents post-exercise oxygen consumption, and O₂PRE represents pre-exercise oxygen consumption. | through study completion, an average of 4 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Withdrawal and Termination Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shanxi Normal University | Taiyuan | Shanxi | 030031 | China |
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| Step frequency group 5 | Experimental | Participants will receive step frequency in the following order: First test: 198 steps per minute; Second test: 162 steps per minute; Third test: 180 steps per minute. |
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| Step frequency group 6 | Experimental | Participants will receive step frequency in the following order: First test: 198 steps per minute; Second test: 180 steps per minute; Third test: 162 steps per minute. |
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| 180 step frequency | Behavioral | The exercise protocol lasted 21 minutes, comprising a 10-minute period of slow-pace running, preceded by a 3-minute quiet resting period and a 3-minute warm-up, and followed by a 5-minute recovery period after the warm-up and slow-pace running. 180 steps per minute crossover to 162 steps per minute and 198 steps per minute. |
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| 198 step frequency | Behavioral | The exercise protocol lasted 21 minutes, comprising a 10-minute period of slow-pace running, preceded by a 3-minute quiet resting period and a 3-minute warm-up, and followed by a 5-minute recovery period after the warm-up and slow-pace running. 198 steps per minute crossover to 162 steps per minute and 180 steps per minute. |
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| Fat Oxidation | Fat Oxidation Data were collected and analyzed using the portable cardiopulmonary telemetry system (Cortex Metamax 3B, Germany). The fat oxidation rate was calculated as follows: Fat oxidation rate (g/min) = ② Fat Oxidation Fat oxidation rate was derived as: 1.695 × V̇O₂ (L/min) - 1.701 × V̇CO₂ (L/min) (g/min) using mean V̇O₂/V̇CO₂ from final 2min of each stage. ③ Carbohydrate Oxidation Carbohydrate oxidation rate was calculated as: 4.585 × V̇CO₂ (L/min) - 3.226 × V̇O₂ (L/min) (g/min) using mean V̇O₂/V̇CO₂ from final 2min of each stage. All data collected/analyzed with Cortex Metamax 3B system. | through study completion, an average of 4 weeks |
| Carbohydrate Oxidation | Carbohydrate oxidation rate was calculated as: 4.585 × V̇CO₂ (L/min) - 3.226 × V̇O₂ (L/min) (g/min) using mean V̇O₂/V̇CO₂ from final 2min of each stage. All data collected/analyzed with Cortex Metamax 3B system. | through study completion, an average of 4 weeks |
| RPE | Immediately after each exercise stage, subjects rated perceived exertion using the Borg RPE scale. The 15-point scale (6-20; 6 = no exertion, 20 = maximal exertion) was administered and recorded post-stage. | through study completion, an average of 4 weeks |