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The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the effects of using lidocaine 2% (with adrenaline) and articaine 4% (with adrenaline) in free gingival graft (FGG) surgery on postoperative wound healing, changes in blood flow in the surgical area during the healing process, patients' postoperative pain levels, and anxiety levels before and after surgery.
In a prospective randomised controlled trial conducted to investigate the effect of lidocaine and articaine on postoperative free gingival graft healing, wound healing was assessed using EHS, anxiety was assessed using VAS, STAI, and MDAS questionnaires, and ultrasonographic evaluations and PI measurements were used to determine whether there was a difference in wound healing between the two anaesthetics.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| lidocaine HCL | Other | Participants will receive lidocaine HCL 2% with adrenaline for local anesthesia before free gingival surgery once only |
|
| articaine HCL | Other | Participants will receive articaine HCL 4% with adrenaline for local anestesia before free gingival surgery once only |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lidocaine hydrochloride 2% with epinephrine 1:100 000 | Drug | Patient were received infiltrative anesthesia with Lidocaine (Jetokain, Adeka Ilaç, Samsun, Türkiye): Active ingredient: Each 1 ml contains 20 mg lidocaine hydrochloride (HCL) and 0.012 mg epinephrine base. Excipients: Sodium metabisulfite, sodium chloride, water for injection. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| early wound healing score (EHS) | The healing of the recipient site was evaluated using the EHS index during clinical exams on postoperative days 3, 7, and 14. The EHS index includes parameters of hemostasis (CSH), inflammation (CSI), and re-epithelialization (CSR). The total score ranges from 0 (worst healing) to 10 (best healing) | 3rd day, 7th day, 14th day |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Ultrasonographic Evaluations | All patients were evaluated using an ultrasonography (USG) device (MyLab™ Seven, Esaote, Genoa, Italy) in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. USG examinations were performed by an oral and maxillofacial radiologist with at least eight years of experience before graft harvesting and on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after FGG operations in both recipient and donor sites. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Aysan Lektemur Alpan, PhD DDS | Pamukkale University Faculty of Dentistry | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pamukkale University Faculty of Dentistry | Denizli | 20100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29884529 | Background | Kesici S, Kesici U, Ulusoy H, Erturkuner P, Turkmen A, Arda O. [Effects of local anesthetics on wound healing]. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2018 Jul-Aug;68(4):375-382. doi: 10.1016/j.bjan.2018.01.016. Epub 2018 Jun 6. | |
| Background | Al-Saffar, M.T., A.S. Mahmood, and M.S. Sulaiman, Impact of Local Anesthesia on Wound Healing. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 2020. 14(4): p. 1869-1874. | ||
| 23660127 |
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I can share it after my article is published if there is a valid reason.
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prospective cross sectional study
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| Articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000 | Drug | Patients were received Infiltrative anesthesia with Articaine (Ultracain DS Forte, Sanofi Aventis İlaçları, Istanbul, Türkiye): Active ingredient: 40 mg articaine HCL and 0.012 mg epinephrine per 1 ml. Excipients: Sodium chloride, sodium metabisulfite, hydrochloric acid, water for injection |
|
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| Free gingival graft (FGG) | Procedure | FGG surgery was performed around natural teeth and implants where keratinized gingival tissue was inadequate. |
|
| 3rd, 7th, and 14th days |
| Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) | The MDAS includes five scores that progressively increase from "not anxious" to "extremely anxious" for each question. Therefore, the highest score for each question is 5, and the total score for the scale ranges from 5 to 25, with 25 being the maximum | baseline and 14 days after the procedure, |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S and STAI-T) | The trait anxiety section (STAI-T) helps measure how the individual has felt over the past weeks, while the state anxiety section (STAI-S) is designed to assess how the individual feels at that moment. Participants are asked to select the statement that best describes their feelings from the options provided: "definitely not," "sometimes," "often," or "almost always." Positive scores were assigned to the statements in items 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, and 18, while negative scores were assigned to the statements in items 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, and 20. A score of 80 was considered the highest, while 20 was the lowest | baseline and 14 days after the procedure, |
| Background |
| Giovannitti JA Jr, Rosenberg MB, Phero JC. Pharmacology of local anesthetics used in oral surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2013 Aug;25(3):453-65, vi. doi: 10.1016/j.coms.2013.03.003. Epub 2013 May 7. |
| 36482533 | Background | Luo W, Zheng K, Kuang H, Li Z, Wang J, Mei J. The potential of articaine as new generation of local anesthesia in dental clinics: A review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Dec 2;101(48):e32089. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032089. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| D006470 | Hemorrhage |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008012 | Lidocaine |
| D004837 | Epinephrine |
| D002355 | Carticaine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000083 | Acetanilides |
| D000813 | Anilides |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000814 | Aniline Compounds |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D004983 | Ethanolamines |
| D000605 | Amino Alcohols |
| D000438 | Alcohols |
| D015306 | Biogenic Monoamines |
| D001679 | Biogenic Amines |
| D002395 | Catecholamines |
| D002396 | Catechols |
| D010636 | Phenols |
| D001555 | Benzene Derivatives |
| D006841 | Hydrocarbons, Aromatic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
| D013876 | Thiophenes |
| D013457 | Sulfur Compounds |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
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