The dosage of paclitaxel, an adjuvant chemotherapy agent for endometrial and ovarian cancer, is typically calculated based on the patient's body surface area (BSA). However, cancer patients with the same BSA may exhibit significant differences in body composition, which could influence the distribution pattern of paclitaxel in the body. These variations may lead to individual differences in drug tolerance and adverse effects. Such variability not only impacts the patient's treatment experience and quality of life but may also increase medical costs, including hospitalization, emergency department visits, and additional treatments required to manage chemotherapy-induced toxicities.

Our preliminary study results indicate that skeletal muscle area (SMA) and skeletal muscle index (SMI), as assessed through computed tomography (CT) imaging, are significantly associated with the incidence of Grade 3 or higher leukopenia or neutropenia following the first two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with endometrial cancer. Furthermore, the predictive accuracy of these CT-derived muscle measurements surpasses the clinical judgment made by physicians based on conventional treatment guidelines. Patients who develop Grade 3 or higher leukopenia or neutropenia during the first two cycles are more likely to experience more frequent occurrences of Grade 3 or higher chemotherapy-related adverse effects in subsequent treatment cycles.

However, no study has comprehensively investigated the relationship between body composition, chemotherapy dosing, and adverse effects. Therefore, this trial aims to examine the impact of body composition on chemotherapy dose adjustments and adverse effects. By utilizing body composition data extracted from abdominal CT imaging through this product, this study seeks to establish a risk stratification tool to assist physicians in treating patients with endometrial and ovarian cancer by providing a reference for chemotherapy dose reduction.

It is expected that through a precision chemotherapy strategy, the incidence of chemotherapy-related adverse effects can be reduced, thereby lowering medical resource expenditures incurred from managing these adverse effects, such as emergency department visits, hospitalizations, additional diagnostic tests, and supportive medication costs. Furthermore, this approach aims to improve patients' health-related quality of life and achieve a dual benefit of medical economic efficiency and clinical effectiveness.

Endometrial cancer ranks sixth in incidence among women worldwide and is rising, while ovarian cancer, though less common, remains the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality. Standard adjuvant chemotherapy for these malignancies includes paclitaxel (dose based on body surface area, BSA) and carboplatin (dose based on AUC). However, BSA-based dosing does not account for variations in body composition, which can significantly influence drug distribution, toxicity, and treatment efficacy.

Retrospective analysis of 124 endometrial cancer patients at National Cheng Kung University Hospital demonstrated that CT-derived skeletal muscle parameters (SMA, SMI) are significantly associated with grade ≥3 hematologic toxicities and outperform traditional clinical judgment for risk prediction. Patients experiencing severe hematologic toxicity within the first two cycles are more likely to experience repeated toxicities in subsequent cycles.

This trial integrates prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) and retrospective target trial emulation.

Prospective RCT: 294 patients will be stratified by cancer stage and randomized 1:1 to intervention vs. control groups. The intervention group will undergo AI-assisted risk stratification based on preoperative CT body composition analysis, with high-risk patients receiving a 15% paclitaxel dose reduction from cycle 1. The control group will receive standard-of-care dosing adjustments based on clinical judgment.

Retrospective analysis: Patients diagnosed from 2012-2024 with available CT images and complete treatment records will be analyzed using propensity score methods to control for confounders.

Primary endpoint: incidence of grade ≥3 leukopenia or neutropenia within the first two cycles.

Secondary endpoints: chemotherapy cycle delay (>7 days), hospitalization rate, HRQoL (CIPN, EORTC-QoL), two-year PFS and OS, cost-effectiveness (ICER, VBP).

The trial hypothesizes that AI-guided dosing adjustments will reduce severe hematologic toxicity rates from 75% to 60% without compromising relative dose intensity (>85%), thereby achieving both clinical and economic benefits.

Inclusion Criteria

1. Able to comprehend and willing to participate in this clinical trial, with signed informed consent.

2. Underwent an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan within three months prior to surgical treatment, with a non-contrast-enhanced single-slice image at the third lumbar vertebral level available for body composition analysis.

3. Histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of endometrial cancer or ovarian cancer.

4. Age between 20 and 80 years.

5. Good performance status (ECOG performance status of 0, 1, or 2).

6. Adequate hematologic parameters:

   • Hemoglobin ≥10 g/dL
   • White blood cell count ≥3,000/μL
   • Neutrophil count ≥1,500/μL
   • Platelet count ≥100,000/μL

7. Adequate organ function:

   • Total bilirubin ≤1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN).
   • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) / Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤2.5 times ULN (≤5.0 times ULN for patients with liver metastases).
   • Creatinine ≤ ULN. Exclusion Criteria

1. Presence of other major diseases that may be exacerbated by chemotherapy (e.g., autoimmune diseases).

2. History of other malignancies within the past two years before trial enrollment, except for adequately treated non-melanoma skin cancer, stage 0 cervical carcinoma, or ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

3. Requirement for concurrent treatment of unrelated diseases during the trial period, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or investigational drugs.

4. Mental status deemed unsuitable for participation in the clinical trial. 5. Expected survival time of less than six months. 6. Poor-quality abdominal CT images, clearly attributable to the following causes:

• Motion artifacts due to poor patient compliance.
• Noticeable scoliosis or kyphosis.
• Multiple lumbar vertebral compression fractures.
• Significant generalized edema.
• Presence of metallic implants in the lumbar spine or abdomen.
• Abdominal stoma or significant abdominal wall defects.
• Marked asymmetry or localized atrophy/deficiency of the core abdominal musculature.