The purpose of this study is to evaluate the real-world effectiveness and safety of neoadjuvant nivolumab combined with chemotherapy in Argentinian patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

This is a non-interventional, retrospective, single-arm, multicenter study evaluating the real-world effectiveness of neoadjuvant nivolumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy in Argentinian patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The primary objective is to estimate the rate of pathological complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant therapy.

Adult patients (≥18 years) with newly diagnosed, early-stage, resectable NSCLC (stage IIA-IIIB, AJCC 8th ed) and no EGFR or ALK driver mutations who initiated neoadjuvant nivolumab (360 mg Q3W) plus platinum-based chemotherapy between July 1, 2022, and March 1, 2025, at participating Argentinian centers will be included. Data will be extracted retrospectively from medical records for up to 12 months following surgery or neoadjuvant therapy.

The primary endpoint is the pathological complete response (pCR), defined as absence of residual viable tumor in both lung and lymph nodes at surgery. Secondary endpoints include major pathological response (MPR), event-free survival (EFS) over 1 year, surgical outcomes, safety, and subsequent adjuvant therapy use. Descriptive and survival analyses will be performed.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants aged 18 years or older
• Participants diagnosed with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (stage IIA-IIIB TNM AJCC 8ed) according to the treating team's judgment
• Participants who received nivolumab and chemotherapy as neoadjuvant therapy between 1st July 2022 and 1st March 2025
• Participants must have given informed consent for their data to be used for research or academic studies, or a waiver of consent has been obtained

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants with confirmed positive EGFR gene mutation or ALK fusion gene, as the study focuses on the effectiveness of nivolumab in patients without these driver mutations
• Prior malignancy active within the previous 3 years except for locally curable cancers that have been apparently cured, such as basal or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or carcinoma in situ of the prostate, cervix, or breast
• Participants who received any antineoplastic therapy within 3 months prior to initiating neoadjuvant nivolumab and chemotherapy, to avoid confounding effects from prior treatments
• Participants who participated in a clinical trial for NSCLC, to ensure the study reflects real-world clinical practice
• Participants with complications of treatment-related adverse events related to hematotoxicity of antineoplastic agents 3 months prior to the start of neoadjuvant therapy, to minimize risks and confounding factors
• Participants who started neoadjuvant therapy outside the participating medical institution and were transferred to the institution for surgery, to ensure data consistency and reliability

The study population will consist of adults diagnosed with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and have undergone neoadjuvant treatment with nivolumab in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy according to routine clinical practice in Argentina between 1st July 2022 and 1st March 2025