The goal of this clinical trial is to adjust the Linezolid dose according to its blood level in adults with kidney diseases. It will also learn about the safety of linezolid. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• How often does linezolid require level monitoring?
• How often does linezolid require dose adjustment?
• What medical benefits do participants have when linezolid level monitoring is applied? Researchers will compare two dose reduction regimens when they have evidence of overexposure to determine which regimen is more effective in preventing thrombocytopenia (Platelet drop).

Participants will:

• Withdrew linezolid level every 2 to 4 days of the antibiotic course.
• Visit the clinic twice for checkups and tests.

Linezolid is a crucial antibiotic prescribed for the treatment of various infectious diseases such as pneumonia, skin infections, and catheter-related bloodstream infections. Linezolid covers gram-positive bacteria, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Auris (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus Auris (VRSA).

Recently, Linezolid usage has become favorable for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients to preserve the remaining residual renal function by avoiding nephrotoxic antibiotics such as vancomycin and aminoglycosides. However, linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia hinders linezolid use in the CKD population due to accumulation and overexposure. Recent literature suggested implementing a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) approach to modify the dose regimen and minimize linezolid toxicity.

The obstacle faced was the lack of clear TDM-based linezolid modification guidelines for CKD patients. To overcome this issue, we conducted a pilot study involving 15 patients (7 ESRD, 5 CKD, and 3 AKI on top of CKD). Patients with evidence of toxic levels (8 patients) underwent dose adjustment from 600mg every 12 hours to 300mg every 12 hours.

Dose reduction by 50% with no change in dose interval resulted in a decrease in supratherapeutic trough levels. However, these levels, while lower, did not consistently reach the predefined target therapeutic range (2-8 mg/dl).

The recent approach we are investigating now is to both lower the dose and elongate the interval.

The aim of the work is to optimize renal dosing adjustment with patients having linezolid by investigating whether once-daily dosing administration of linezolid provides better trough-range targeting over twice-daily targeting.

Research Steps

1. Patients were interviewed and selected according to the study's selection criteria.

2. Blood tests were taken before the start of the study to assess their condition and record their medical history before starting linezolid treatment.

3. Participants were divided into three groups based on linezolid drug concentrations compared to the pre-defined target therapeutic range, as determined by the pharmacotherapy monitoring guidelines:

   I. Group 1: Within the therapeutic range: No intervention and continued linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours.

   II. Group 2: Above the therapeutic range and within the toxicity range: Intervention and adjustment of the linezolid dose from 600 mg every 12 hours to 300 mg every 12 hours.

   III. Group 3: Above the therapeutic range and within the toxicity range: Intervention and adjustment of the linezolid dose from 600 mg every 12 hours to 600 mg every 24 hours.

4. Patient follow-up was conducted at the end of the study and comparisons were made between the different groups.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Advanced renal impairment, Hemodialysis patients

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy, Lactating females, Advanced Liver impairment, Cases using antidepressants or antipsychotics, Cases suffering from Hematological blood diseases, and/or chronic Immune thrombocytopenia.

Variables including: Age, Weight, Gender, Blood workups, such as Platelets count and Linezolid blood levels.

Start date: Once recruitment is completed and required data is collected. End date: Paper publishing date.

Study supervisors and co-researchers will have access for data interpretation and analysis once collected.