This study explores the relationship between sleep disorders and autonomic dysfunction in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease. It examines common risk factors such as aging-related physiological changes, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors, and discusses how disturbances in sleep and autonomic regulation can worsen cardiovascular outcomes. The work also outlines potential clinical implications, including the importance of early screening, integrated management strategies, and targeted interventions to improve both cardiovascular health and quality of life in this vulnerable population.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Patients will be recruited from the outpatient clinic (to include stable patients) Age ≥ 65 years Clinically diagnosed cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart failure, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease) Able to provide informed consent

Exclusion criteria:

Diagnosed neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., advanced dementia) Use of sedatives/hypnotics in the past 2 weeks Terminal illness or palliative care status

Patients with cardiovascular diseases more than 65 years old