Objective: To compare the efficacy of upper extremity plyometric and resistance exercises in improving trunk balance in children with Spina Bifida (SB).

Methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) enrolled 28 children (aged 6-12 years) with lumbar-level SB, randomized to plyometric (n=14) or resistance (n=14) exercise groups for an 8-week intervention (3 days/week) alongside standard rehabilitation. Primary outcomes included Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS) for static/dynamic sitting and reaching, and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) for overall balance. Secondary outcomes included ambulation levels via Hoffer classification.

Objective:

To compare the effectiveness of upper extremity plyometric versus resistance exercises in enhancing trunk balance among children with lumbar-level Spina Bifida (SB).

Methods:

This randomized controlled trial included 28 children (aged 6-12 years) diagnosed with lumbar-level SB. Participants were randomly assigned to either a plyometric exercise group (n = 14) or a resistance exercise group (n = 14). Both groups received an 8-week intervention (three sessions per week) in addition to their standard rehabilitation programs.

Primary outcomes were assessed using the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS)-evaluating static sitting, dynamic sitting, and reaching control-and the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) to assess overall balance capabilities. Secondary outcomes included ambulation status, measured using the Hoffer classification.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The study included children diagnosed with lumbar-level Spina Bifida,
• Aged 6 to 15 years,
• IQ of 50 or higher based on the SPARCLE cognitive assessment

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of shunt infection or revision,
• Tethered cord syndrome or syringomyelia,
• Insufficient sitting balance,
• Upper extremity spasticity or contractures,
• Severe visual or hearing impairments