Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo CientÃfico y Tecnológico, Chile | OTHER_GOV |
| Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Pedro Aguirre Cerda | UNKNOWN |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
According to our hypothesis, the use of HD-EMG shall allow an accurate localization of the innervations zones of the muscles, offering a better complement to the methodology applied so far to define the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection site. To achieve that goal, a randomized clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of two guiding methods to define the BoNT injection site in the gastrocnemius muscles will be conducted. One arm will be guided with ultrasonography + localized IZ using anatomical references; while the second arm with ultrasonography + in vivo location of the IZ through HD-EMG. The effectiveness will be evaluated by changes in functional tests and in biomechanical parameters of the gait assessed with a three-dimensional motion analysis system. These outcomes will be measured at baseline (T0), at three (T3w) and six weeks (T6w), post BoNT injection. The differences between sessions will be evaluated as measurements of effectiveness. We expect that greater effectiveness will be found in the group that receives the injection of BoNT, guided by the in vivo location of the IZ.
This research proposal seeks to improve the current procedures to determinate the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection site. More precisely, we propose to complement the ultrasonography with an in vivo location of the IZ, using a non-invasive technique based on surface multielectrode electromyography grid, which is called high density-surface EMG (HD-EMG). According to our hypothesis, the use of HD-EMG shall allow an accurate localization of the IZs of the muscles, offering a better complement to the methodology applied so far to define the BoNT injection site. To achieve that goal, a randomized clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of two guiding methods to define the BoNT injection site in the gastrocnemius muscles (main ankle extensors or plantar flexors) will be conducted. One arm will be treated with the best available option, which includes ultrasonography + localized IZ using anatomical references. The second arm will be managed using ultrasonography + in vivo location of the IZ through. The last will be measured using HD-EMG by recording the motor unit action potentials along the muscle fibers. This technique can identify the location of the IZ by the change of phase of those potentials. The effectiveness will be evaluated by changes in biomechanical parameters of the gait, assessed using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The outcomes will be biomechanical gait variables associated with the ankle joint (ankle joint moment, dorsiflexion range, among others) and functional tests (spasticity using Ashworth scale, 6-minute walk test and the Timed Up and Go Test). These outcomes will be evaluated at baseline (T0), at three (T3w) and six weeks (T6w), post BoNT injection. The differences between sessions will be evaluated as measurements of effectiveness (Delta1 = T3w-T0; Delta2 = T6w - T0). To compare the effectiveness between groups, these delta values will be compared using a student's t-test or a Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. Also, a Cohen's d will be calculated to determine the magnitude of these differences. In addition, the post-hoc power (1-β) will be measured. All statistical analyses will be performed in the STATA software (version 14.0 Stata-Corp LP, USA), considering a one tailed analysis, and a confidence level of 95%. Statistically significant differences will be considered those associated with a p-value lower than 0.05. We expect to find greater effectiveness in the group that receives the injection of BoNT, guided by the in vivo location of the IZ using HD-EMG.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Botulinum neurotoxin guided by ultrasonography and anatomical references | Active Comparator | Patients will be treated with a botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection into the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles of the paretic hemi-body. This injection will be guided by ultrasonography and anatomical references described in the EUROMUSCULUS/USPRM guideline. |
|
| Botulinum neurotoxin guided by ultrasonography and in vivo location of innervation zone | Experimental | Patients will be treated with a botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection into the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles of the paretic hemi-body. However, in this case the injection will be guided by ultrasonography and the in vivo location of the innervation zones using noninvasive multielectrode electromyography. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botulinum toxin guided by ultrasonography and anatomical references | Combination Product | The botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) will be calculated according to the weight of each patient. It will be injected in four places: two of them into the medial gastrocnemius and the other two into the lateral gastrocnemius. For medial gastrocnemius muscle, ¼ of the dose will be injected into the muscle belly at the 25% of the distance between the popliteal fossa and the intermalleolar line. Another ¼ will be injected into the muscle belly at the 35% of the previously mentioned distance. For lateral gastrocnemius, ¼ of the dose will be injected into the muscle belly at the 20% of the distance between the popliteal fossa and the intermalleolar line. The remaining ¼ of the dose will be injected into the muscle belly at the 30% of the previously described distance. All patients will conduct the same physical therapy program and under the direction of the same team of physical therapists. This program will begin two weeks after receiving the BoNT injection. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum ankle dorsiflexion during the stance phase in the paretic limb. | Peak dorsiflexion angle during the stance phase in the paretic limb. This value will be calculated from Vicon Nexus 2.12 software, using the conventional gait model + functional calibration, and will be considered as the average value within 8 to 10 gait cycles. | Before intervention (T0), three weeks (T3w) and six weeks (T6w) post botulinum neurotoxin injection |
| Maximum ankle plantarflexion moment during the stance phase in the paretic limb | Peak internal ankle dorsiflexion moment during the stance phase in the paretic limb. This value will be calculated from Vicon Nexus 2.12 software, using the conventional gait model + functional calibration, and will be considered as the average value within 8 to 10 gait cycles. | Before intervention (T0), three weeks (T3w) and six weeks (T6w) post botulinum neurotoxin injection. |
| Foot clearance in the paretic limb. | Minimum distance between the lowest point on the shoe and the ground during the swing phase in the paretic limb. This value will be calculated from a custom-made biomechanical model, and will be considered as the average value within 8 to 10 gait cycles. | Before intervention (T0), three weeks (T3w) and six weeks (T6w) post botulinum neurotoxin injection. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Spasticity of plantar flexor muscles using the Ashworth modified scale. | Qualitative evaluation of the increase in ankle plantar flexors tone during a muscle stretch movement (dorsiflexion). This will be scaled from 0 (no increase in muscle tone) to 4 (ankle rigid during dorsiflexion movement). | Before intervention (T0), three weeks (T3w) and six weeks (T6w) post botulinum neurotoxin injection. |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Rodrigo A Guzmán-Venegas, PhD | Universidad de los Andes, Chile | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Universidad de los Andes | Santiago | Las Condes | 7620001 | Chile | ||
| Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Pedro Aguirre Cerda |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19026895 | Background | Grysiewicz RA, Thomas K, Pandey DK. Epidemiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: incidence, prevalence, mortality, and risk factors. Neurol Clin. 2008 Nov;26(4):871-95, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.07.003. | |
| 15978929 | Background | Lavados PM, Sacks C, Prina L, Escobar A, Tossi C, Araya F, Feuerhake W, Galvez M, Salinas R, Alvarez G. Incidence, 30-day case-fatality rate, and prognosis of stroke in Iquique, Chile: a 2-year community-based prospective study (PISCIS project). Lancet. 2005 Jun 25-Jul 1;365(9478):2206-15. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66779-7. |
Not provided
Not provided
Study protocol and statistical analysis plan will be published. Statistical analysis plan includes all databases used in the study. These databases will not include personal information of patients.
Previously mentioned data will be available 6 months after publication.
For access to research data, researchers must send a "data access statement" to the principal investigator (Rodrigo Guzmán-Venegas, rguzman@uandes.cl). This request must include as much information as possible about the use of the data. Also, it must include contact information (telephone number and e-mail to contact) on the petitioner.
Not provided
Not provided
The design is a randomized controlled trial. One arm will be treated with a botulinum neurotoxin (BoTN) injection guided by the best available option, including ultrasonography + localized innervation zone (IZ) using anatomical references. The second arm will be treated with BoTN but guided with ultrasonography + in vivo location of the IZ using high-density electromyography.
Not provided
Not provided
The nature of the interventions makes blinding almost impossible. However, it will be possible to blind the support staff when they conduct the gait and functional evaluations. In the same way, the allocation of groups will be blinded at the time of performing the statistical analysis, which shall be performed by a third party.
|
|
| Botulinum neurotoxin guided by ultrasonography and in vivo location of innervation zones guided by high-density electromyography | Combination Product | The botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) will be calculated according to the weight of each patient. It will be injected in eight places: four will be located in vivo for gastrocnemius medialis and four for gastrocnemius lateralis. These places will correspond to innervation zones located by high-density electromyography in different zones of each muscle. Thus, each of the eight located innervation zones will receive 1/8 of the calculated dose for the gastrocnemius muscle. All patients will conduct the same physical therapy program and under the direction of the same team of physical therapists. This program will begin two weeks after receiving the BoNT injection. |
|
|
| 6-minute walk distance. | Measurement of distance walked over a span of 6 minutes. | Before intervention (T0), three weeks (T3w) and six weeks (T6w) post botulinum neurotoxin injection. |
| Timed up and go time. | Time to complete a standing from a chair with no arms, walking 5 meters and returning to sit down. | Before intervention (T0), three weeks (T3w) and six weeks (T6w) post botulinum neurotoxin injection. |
| Santiago |
| Peñalolen |
| 7910250 |
| Chile |
| 12194622 | Background | Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP, Smith TL, Sharma AK. Prevalence of spasticity post stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2002 Aug;16(5):515-22. doi: 10.1191/0269215502cr512oa. |
| 7760264 | Background | von Schroeder HP, Coutts RD, Lyden PD, Billings E Jr, Nickel VL. Gait parameters following stroke: a practical assessment. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1995 Feb;32(1):25-31. |
| 26765447 | Background | Dashtipour K, Chen JJ, Walker HW, Lee MY. Systematic Literature Review of AbobotulinumtoxinA in Clinical Trials for Lower Limb Spasticity. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Jan;95(2):e2468. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002468. |
| 28542281 | Background | Wei TS, Liu PT, Chang LW, Liu SY. Gait asymmetry, ankle spasticity, and depression as independent predictors of falls in ambulatory stroke patients. PLoS One. 2017 May 23;12(5):e0177136. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177136. eCollection 2017. |
| 7192811 | Background | Lance JW. The control of muscle tone, reflexes, and movement: Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology. 1980 Dec;30(12):1303-13. doi: 10.1212/wnl.30.12.1303. No abstract available. |
| 22165615 | Background | Schroder AS, Fietzek UM, Pavicic T, Stehr M, Baumann AC, Ruzicka T, Heinen F. [Botulinum toxin--the all-rounder in medicine]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2011 Jan 27;153(4):33-9; quiz 40. doi: 10.1007/BF03367697. No abstract available. German. |
| 14523755 | Background | Woolley SM. Characteristics of gait in hemiplegia. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2001 Winter;7(4):1-18. doi: 10.1310/JB16-V04F-JAL5-H1UV. |
| 30974394 | Background | Cofre Lizama LE, Khan F, Galea MP. Beyond speed: Gait changes after botulinum toxin injections in chronic stroke survivors (a systematic review). Gait Posture. 2019 May;70:389-396. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035. Epub 2019 Apr 4. |
| 20826420 | Background | Karadag-Saygi E, Cubukcu-Aydoseli K, Kablan N, Ofluoglu D. The role of kinesiotaping combined with botulinum toxin to reduce plantar flexors spasticity after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2010 Jul-Aug;17(4):318-22. doi: 10.1310/tsr1704-318. |
| 8610313 | Background | Hesse S, Krajnik J, Luecke D, Jahnke MT, Gregoric M, Mauritz KH. Ankle muscle activity before and after botulinum toxin therapy for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients. Stroke. 1996 Mar;27(3):455-60. doi: 10.1161/01.str.27.3.455. |
| 21592635 | Background | Pradon D, Hutin E, Khadir S, Taiar R, Genet F, Roche N. A pilot study to investigate the combined use of Botulinum toxin type-a and ankle foot orthosis for the treatment of spastic foot in chronic hemiplegic patients. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2011 Oct;26(8):867-72. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.04.003. Epub 2011 May 17. |
| 29230798 | Background | Castelao M, Marques RE, Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, Ferreira J, Sampaio C, Moore AP, Costa J. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 12;12(12):CD003633. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub3. |
| 7968058 | Background | Borodic G. Therapeutic botulinum toxin. Lancet. 1994 Nov 12;344(8933):1370. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90732-3. No abstract available. |
| 28264545 | Background | Kaymak B, Kara M, Yagiz On A, Soylu AR, Ozcakar L. Innervation zone targeted botulinum toxin injections. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018 Feb;54(1):100-109. doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04663-9. Epub 2017 Mar 6. |
| 21195024 | Background | Lapatki BG, van Dijk JP, van de Warrenburg BP, Zwarts MJ. Botulinum toxin has an increased effect when targeted toward the muscle's endplate zone: a high-density surface EMG guided study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Aug;122(8):1611-6. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.11.018. Epub 2010 Dec 30. |
| 25060697 | Background | Delnooz CC, Veugen LC, Pasman JW, Lapatki BG, van Dijk JP, van de Warrenburg BP. The clinical utility of botulinum toxin injections targeted at the motor endplate zone in cervical dystonia. Eur J Neurol. 2014 Dec;21(12):1486-e98. doi: 10.1111/ene.12517. Epub 2014 Jul 24. |
| 30482309 | Background | Mirelman A, Shema S, Maidan I, Hausdorff JM. Gait. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;159:119-134. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63916-5.00007-0. |
| 1162302 | Background | Fugl-Meyer AR, Jaasko L, Norlin V. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. II. Incidence, mortality, and vocational return in Goteborg, Sweden with a review of the literature. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1975;7(2):73-83. |
| 26547547 | Background | Beyaert C, Vasa R, Frykberg GE. Gait post-stroke: Pathophysiology and rehabilitation strategies. Neurophysiol Clin. 2015 Nov;45(4-5):335-55. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2015.09.005. Epub 2015 Nov 4. |
| 27474947 | Background | Mahendran N, Kuys SS, Brauer SG. Recovery of ambulation activity across the first six months post-stroke. Gait Posture. 2016 Sep;49:271-276. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.038. Epub 2016 Jun 29. |
| 7275999 | Background | Winter DA. Overall principle of lower limb support during stance phase of gait. J Biomech. 1980;13(11):923-7. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(80)90162-1. No abstract available. |
| 28382814 | Background | Kaymak B, Kara M, Tok F, Ulasli AM, Ozturk GT, Chang KV, Hsiao MY, Hung CY, Yagiz On A, Ozcakar L. Sonographic guide for botulinum toxin injections of the lower limb: EUROMUSCULUS/USPRM spasticity approach. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018 Jun;54(3):486-498. doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04667-6. Epub 2017 Apr 4. |
| 29530514 | Background | Akturk S, Buyukavci R, Ersoy Y. Functional outcomes following ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin type A injections to reduce spastic equinovarus in adult post-stroke patients. Toxicon. 2018 May;146:95-98. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.003. Epub 2018 Mar 9. |
| 20068435 | Background | Kwon JY, Hwang JH, Kim JS. Botulinum toxin a injection into calf muscles for treatment of spastic equinus in cerebral palsy: a controlled trial comparing sonography and electric stimulation-guided injection techniques: a preliminary report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Apr;89(4):279-86. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181ca24ac. |
| 22776155 | Background | Park GY, Kwon DR. Sonoelastographic evaluation of medial gastrocnemius muscles intrinsic stiffness after rehabilitation therapy with botulinum toxin a injection in spastic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Nov;93(11):2085-9. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.06.024. Epub 2012 Jul 7. |
| 22549655 | Background | Picelli A, Bonetti P, Fontana C, Barausse M, Dambruoso F, Gajofatto F, Tamburin S, Girardi P, Gimigliano R, Smania N. Accuracy of botulinum toxin type A injection into the gastrocnemius muscle of adults with spastic equinus: manual needle placement and electrical stimulation guidance compared using ultrasonography. J Rehabil Med. 2012 May;44(5):450-2. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0970. |
| 23085706 | Background | Picelli A, Tamburin S, Bonetti P, Fontana C, Barausse M, Dambruoso F, Gajofatto F, Santilli V, Smania N. Botulinum toxin type A injection into the gastrocnemius muscle for spastic equinus in adults with stroke: a randomized controlled trial comparing manual needle placement, electrical stimulation and ultrasonography-guided injection techniques. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Nov;91(11):957-64. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e318269d7f3. |
| 31403954 | Background | Amatya B, Cofre Lizama LE, Elmalik A, Bastani A, Galea MP, Khan F. Multidimensional evaluation of changes in limb function following botulinum toxin injection in persons with stroke. NeuroRehabilitation. 2019;45(1):67-78. doi: 10.3233/NRE-192722. |
| 6187554 | Background | Masuda T, Miyano H, Sadoyama T. The propagation of motor unit action potential and the location of neuromuscular junction investigated by surface electrode arrays. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1983 May;55(5):594-600. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(83)90171-2. |
| 9639155 | Background | Tokunaga T, Baba S, Tanaka M, Kashiwagi K, Kimura K, Kawazoe T. Two-dimensional configuration of the myoneural junctions of human masticatory muscle detected with matrix electrode. J Oral Rehabil. 1998 May;25(5):329-34. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.1998.00199.x. |
| 3169813 | Background | Masuda T, Sadoyama T. Topographical map of innervation zones within single motor units measured with a grid surface electrode. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1988 Aug;35(8):623-8. doi: 10.1109/10.4595. No abstract available. |
| 20870500 | Background | Masuda T, Sadoyama T. Distribution of innervation zones in the human biceps brachii. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1991 Jun;1(2):107-15. doi: 10.1016/1050-6411(91)90004-O. |
| 12696320 | Background | Saitou K, Masuda T, Michikami D, Kojima R, Okada M. Innervation zones of the upper and lower limb muscles estimated by using multichannel surface EMG. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 2000 Dec;29(1-2):35-52. |
| 20544927 | Background | Van Campenhout A, Hubens G, Fagard K, Molenaers G. Localization of motor nerve branches of the human psoas muscle. Muscle Nerve. 2010 Aug;42(2):202-7. doi: 10.1002/mus.21660. |
| 20229172 | Background | Yu DZ, Liu AT, Dang RS, Zhang CS, Zhang JL, Chen G, Yi J, Han T, Jiang H. Intramuscular innervations of muscle flaps that are commonly used in clinical settings. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010 Aug;32(7):637-46. doi: 10.1007/s00276-010-0644-2. Epub 2010 Mar 13. |
| 18174845 | Background | Kwon JY, Kim JS, Lee WI. Anatomic localization of motor points of hip adductors. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Apr;88(4):336-41. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181619435. |
| 16056049 | Background | Crystal R, Malone AA, Eastwood DM. Motor points for neuromuscular blockade of the adductor muscle group. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Aug;(437):196-200. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000165856.38166.9a. |
| 22644785 | Background | Won SY, Rha DW, Kim HS, Jung SH, Park ES, Hu KS, Kim HJ. Intramuscular nerve distribution pattern of the adductor longus and gracilis muscles demonstrated with Sihler staining: guidance for botulinum toxin injection. Muscle Nerve. 2012 Jul;46(1):80-5. doi: 10.1002/mus.23273. Epub 2012 May 29. |
| 9623827 | Background | Kumar VP, Liu J, Lau HK, Pereira BP, Shen Y, Pho RW. Neurovascular supply of the gracilis muscle: a study in the monkey and human. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 Jun;101(7):1854-60. doi: 10.1097/00006534-199806000-00012. |
| 11241198 | Background | Paul AC. Muscle length affects the architecture and pattern of innervation differently in leg muscles of mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit compared to those of human and monkey muscles. Anat Rec. 2001 Mar 1;262(3):301-9. doi: 10.1002/1097-0185(20010301)262:33.0.CO;2-H. |
| 13228109 | Background | BUCHTHAL F, GULD C, ROSENFALCK P. Action potential parameters in normal human muscle and their dependence on physical variables. Acta Physiol Scand. 1954 Nov;32(2-3):200-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1954.tb01167.x. No abstract available. |
| 13301862 | Background | BUCHTHAL F, GULD C, ROSENFALCK P. Innervation zone and propagation velocity in human muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 1955 Dec 31;35(2):174-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1955.tb01276.x. No abstract available. |
| 6763149 | Background | Buchthal F. Spontaneous electrical activity: an overview. Muscle Nerve. 1982;5(9S):S52-9. |
| 14580037 | Background | Childers MK. The importance of electromyographic guidance and electrical stimulation for injection of botulinum toxin. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 Nov;14(4):781-92. doi: 10.1016/s1047-9651(03)00047-0. |
| 15448576 | Background | Childers MK. Targeting the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscles. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Oct;83(10 Suppl):S38-44. doi: 10.1097/01.phm.0000141129.23219.42. |
| 16159347 | Background | Castroflorio T, Farina D, Bottin A, Debernardi C, Bracco P, Merletti R, Anastasi G, Bramanti P. Non-invasive assessment of motor unit anatomy in jaw-elevator muscles. J Oral Rehabil. 2005 Oct;32(10):708-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2005.01490.x. |
| 12488085 | Background | Merletti R, Farina D, Gazzoni M. The linear electrode array: a useful tool with many applications. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003 Feb;13(1):37-47. doi: 10.1016/s1050-6411(02)00082-2. |
| 24948528 | Background | Ullah K, Cescon C, Afsharipour B, Merletti R. Automatic detection of motor unit innervation zones of the external anal sphincter by multichannel surface EMG. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2014 Dec;24(6):860-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.05.003. Epub 2014 May 24. |
| 26874077 | Background | Guzman-Venegas RA, Bralic MP, Cordero JJ, Cavada G, Araneda OF. Concordance of the location of the innervation zone of the tibialis anterior muscle using voluntary and imposed contractions by electrostimulation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2016 Apr;27:18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.01.002. Epub 2016 Jan 29. |
| 28264546 | Background | Kara M, Kaymak B, Ulasli AM, Tok F, Ozturk GT, Chang KV, Hsiao MY, Hung CY, Yagiz On A, Ozcakar L. Sonographic guide for botulinum toxin injections of the upper limb: EUROMUSCULUS/USPRM spasticity approach. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018 Jun;54(3):469-485. doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04664-0. Epub 2017 Mar 6. |
| 17850405 | Background | Lim EC, Seet RC. Botulinum toxin: description of injection techniques and examination of controversies surrounding toxin diffusion. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Feb;117(2):73-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00931.x. Epub 2007 Sep 11. |
| 22246877 | Background | Lee JH, Han SH, Ye JF, Lee BN, An X, Kwon SO. Effective zone of botulinum toxin a injections in hallux claw toe syndrome: an anatomical study. Muscle Nerve. 2012 Feb;45(2):217-21. doi: 10.1002/mus.22263. |
| 22672945 | Background | Lee DR, You JH, Yi CH, Jeon HS. Motor point location index using regression equations for the tibialis anterior muscle. NeuroRehabilitation. 2012;30(4):307-13. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2012-0760. |
| 25138645 | Background | Guzman-Venegas RA, Araneda OF, Silvestre RA. Differences between motor point and innervation zone locations in the biceps brachii. An exploratory consideration for the treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2014 Dec;24(6):923-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.07.012. Epub 2014 Aug 2. |
| 87310 | Background | Nishizono H, Saito Y, Miyashita M. The estimation of conduction velocity in human skeletal muscle in situ with surface electrodes. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1979 Jun;46(6):659-64. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(79)90103-2. |
| 25982240 | Background | Grigoriu AI, Dinomais M, Remy-Neris O, Brochard S. Impact of Injection-Guiding Techniques on the Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Focal Spasticity and Dystonia: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Nov;96(11):2067-78.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.05.002. Epub 2015 May 14. |
| 28901119 | Background | Meseguer-Henarejos AB, Sanchez-Meca J, Lopez-Pina JA, Carles-Hernandez R. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018 Aug;54(4):576-590. doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04796-7. Epub 2017 Sep 13. |
| 30954276 | Background | Clague-Baker N, Robinson T, Hagenberg A, Drewry S, Gillies C, Singh S. The validity and reliability of the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test and Six-minute Walk Test compared to an Incremental Cycle Test for people who have had a mild-to-moderate stroke. Physiotherapy. 2019 Jun;105(2):275-282. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2018.12.005. Epub 2018 Dec 21. |
| 29487942 | Background | Geiger M, Bonnyaud C, Bussel B, Roche N. Assessing of imagined and real expanded Timed Up and Go tests in patients with chronic stroke: A case-control study. J Rehabil Med. 2018 May 8;50(5):413-419. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2315. |
| 1565246 | Background | Comella CL, Buchman AS, Tanner CM, Brown-Toms NC, Goetz CG. Botulinum toxin injection for spasmodic torticollis: increased magnitude of benefit with electromyographic assistance. Neurology. 1992 Apr;42(4):878-82. doi: 10.1212/wnl.42.4.878. |
| 19482892 | Background | Kaishou Xu, Tiebin Yan, Jianning Mai. A randomized controlled trial to compare two botulinum toxin injection techniques on the functional improvement of the leg of children with cerebral palsy. Clin Rehabil. 2009 Sep;23(9):800-11. doi: 10.1177/0269215509335295. Epub 2009 May 29. |
| 17660852 | Background | Jordan SE, Ahn SS, Gelabert HA. Combining ultrasonography and electromyography for botulinum chemodenervation treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: comparison with fluoroscopy and electromyography guidance. Pain Physician. 2007 Jul;10(4):541-6. |
| 19154823 | Background | Gracies JM, Lugassy M, Weisz DJ, Vecchio M, Flanagan S, Simpson DM. Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Jan;90(1):9-16.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.04.030. |
| 29173657 | Background | Kaymak B, Kara M, Gurcay E, Ozcakar L. Sonographic Guide for Botulinum Toxin Injections of the Neck Muscles in Cervical Dystonia. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2018 Feb;29(1):105-123. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2017.08.009. |
| 19547627 | Background | Rohrig B, du Prel JB, Wachtlin D, Blettner M. Types of study in medical research: part 3 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009 Apr;106(15):262-8. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0262. Epub 2009 Apr 10. |
| 28174605 | Background | Paterson KL, Hinman RS, Metcalf BR, Bennell KL, Wrigley TV. Plug-in-Gait calculation of the knee adduction moment in people with knee osteoarthritis during shod walking: comparison of two different foot marker models. J Foot Ankle Res. 2017 Feb 4;10:8. doi: 10.1186/s13047-017-0187-4. eCollection 2017. |
| 2720055 | Background | Lin LI. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 1989 Mar;45(1):255-68. |
| 2868172 | Background | Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986 Feb 8;1(8476):307-10. |
| 23997866 | Background | Sullivan GM, Feinn R. Using Effect Size-or Why the P Value Is Not Enough. J Grad Med Educ. 2012 Sep;4(3):279-82. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1. No abstract available. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009128 | Muscle Spasticity |
| D020233 | Gait Disorders, Neurologic |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D009122 | Muscle Hypertonia |
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019274 | Botulinum Toxins, Type A |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001905 | Botulinum Toxins |
| D008666 | Metalloendopeptidases |
| D010450 | Endopeptidases |
| D010447 | Peptide Hydrolases |
| D006867 | Hydrolases |
| D004798 | Enzymes |
| D045762 | Enzymes and Coenzymes |
| D045726 | Metalloproteases |
| D001426 | Bacterial Proteins |
| D011506 | Proteins |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D001427 | Bacterial Toxins |
| D014118 | Toxins, Biological |
| D001685 | Biological Factors |
Not provided
Not provided