The exercise program consisted of warm-up, strength-balance, and cool-down exercises, all of which were administered to the participants under the supervision of a physiotherapist. Necessary precautions were taken to prevent participants from falling during the standing balance exercises.

The exercise program was implemented with the same content, duration, and by the same researcher as the protocol used in the functional exercise group. Exercise sessions were conducted with music, and the music was provided by a single expert researcher. Slow-paced pieces in the Rast mode were selected for warm-up and cool-down exercises, while more upbeat pieces in the Mahur mode were used for strength and balance exercises. To enhance participants' concentration, instrumental compositions in these selected Turkish classical music modes were used during the sessions. Traditional Turkish instruments such as qanun, ney, kudüm, and oud were chosen to perform the compositions.

The music pieces were recorded in a quiet environment and played for the participants during exercise sessions via a JBL Go Essential Bluetooth speaker (IPX7). The use of pre-recorded music provided a standardized auditory stimulus for all participants, increasing the reproducibility of of the intervention and cont

Warm-Up Exercises (10 min): Diaphragmatic breathing exercise, neck rotation (right & left), rotational shoulder movements, trunk rotation, triceps stretching exercise, hamstring stretching exercise Each exercise was performed for 8 repetitions.

Strengthening Exercises (40 min):

In a seated position:

Ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion exercises, ankle circumduction, knee extension, hip flexion, shoulder joint range of motion exercises in all directions, elbow and hand flexion-extension exercises

In a standing position:

Hip extension, toe raises, mini squats, standing on one leg, 360-degree turning, tandem walking exercises Each exercise was performed for 8 repetitions.

Cool-Down Exercises (10 min): Diaphragmatic breathing exercise, neck rotation (right & left), rotational shoulder movements, trunk rotation, triceps stretching exercise, hamstring stretching exercise Each exercise was performed for 8 repetitions.

The Four-Stage Balance Test is a static balance assessment that measures an individual's ability to maintain stability in various standing positions. In the first stage, the feet are placed side by side. In the second stage, the instep of one foot is placed next to the big toe of the other foot. The third stage involves the tandem stance, where one foot is positioned directly in front of the other, with the heel touching the toes. In the final stage, the individual is asked to stand on one foot.

At each stage, the participant is expected to maintain the position without moving or losing stability for 10 seconds. If the feet shift or the individual requires external support, the test is terminated. Participants are allowed to progress to the next stage only if they successfully complete the current one. The highest stage successfully completed is recorded.

The test is not administered to individuals who are at high risk of falling or cannot be safely supported.

It measures an individual's capacity to perform activities that are commonly required in daily life and their level of dependence on others. The index evaluates six basic activities: bathing, dressing, toileting, continence, and feeding. As the total score increases, the individual's ability to carry out these functions independently also increases.

To assess the maximum isometric contraction strength of the hand and forearm muscles, a Camry digital hand dynamometer (Model EH101, Zhongshan Camry Electronic Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, China) was used. The measurement was conducted in accordance with the protocol recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists for standardized hand grip strength assessment. Participants were seated in a comfortable position with their feet shoulder-width apart. Shoulders were in neutral rotation and vertical adduction. The dominant elbow was flexed at 90°, forearms were in a neutral position, and the wrist was positioned at 0°-30° extension and 0°-15° ulnar deviation. After achieving proper posture, participants were instructed to perform a maximal grip for 5 seconds. The measurement was repeated three times, and the average value was recorded.