Group 1: 34 patients received prolonged hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) on an emergency basis.

Group 2: 35 patients received early isolated CVVHDF. Group 3: 32 patients received early combined extracorporeal detoxification (ECD) (selective plasma filtration [SPF] + CVVHDF).

A comparative analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters was performed.

Prospective Single-Center Interventional Study Conducted at City Clinical Hospital No. 1 Named After N.I. Pirogov, Including 101 Patients with Abdominal Septic Shock Complicated by Acute Kidney Injury

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital (Protocol No. 7, dated May 31, 2016).

Inclusion Criteria: Simultaneous presence of clinical and laboratory signs of septic shock, as defined by the Sepsis-3 criteria , and clinical presentation of acute kidney injury corresponding to Stage 1 of the KDIGO classification:

Severity of organ dysfunction assessed by the SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score > 2 points, as a result of a confirmed or suspected infection focus;

The need for vasopressors to maintain a mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg and a serum lactate level >2 mmol/L after adequate fluid resuscitation.

Exclusion Criteria: Terminal condition, ongoing internal bleeding, atonic coma, severe heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction <25%), decompensated liver failure, body weight less than 20 kg, age <18 years, pregnant women, septic shock without acute kidney injury.

Exclusion from the Study: Patient refusal to continue participation; deviations from the study protocol.

Study Limitation: Limited availability of consumables (plasma separators) during the study period.

The study was structured into six consecutive stages:

Stage I - Clinical and Laboratory Monitoring and Scoring of Patients: Standard monitoring of hemodynamic and clinical-laboratory parameters was performed. For statistical analysis, the worst parameter recorded within 24 hours was considered. The SOFA score (daily), APACHE II score (on admission), and KDIGO classification for acute kidney injury were used to assess organ dysfunction severity. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the CKD-EPI 2021 formula (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) based on serum cystatin-C levels. Concentrations of cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor [TNF]), and low- and middle-molecular-weight substances (LMMWS) in serum were measured on days 1 (before the procedure), 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 of therapy.

Stage II - Comprehensive Intensive Therapy: Conducted in accordance with international guidelines for the management of sepsis and septic shock.

Stage III - Patient Group Allocation: Patients who, within 12 hours of admission to the ICU and surgical source control, could not achieve correction of acid-base balance (pH ≤ 7.2, lactate ≥ 2.0, BE ≤ -2.0) despite escalating doses of vasopressors and persistent acute kidney injury, were randomized into groups based on the timing and modality of extracorporeal detoxification (ECD). Randomization was performed using the Jamovi software (version 2.6.24) with the built-in R function. Three columns were created: the first for patient IDs (1 to 105), the second for group numbers (1 to 3), and the third for the R code: sample(rep(1:3, each = 35)). This code generated a vector with numbers from 1 to 3 (each number repeated 35 times) and shuffled them randomly. The results were exported to Excel.

Group 1: 34 patients continued to receive conservative intensive therapy until classical indications for renal replacement therapy (RRT) emerged, such as severe kidney dysfunction posing an immediate threat to life (uremia with blood urea >40 mmol/L; anuria or oliguria refractory to diuretics; serum potassium >6.5 mmol/L). RRT was performed as delayed isolated prolonged veno-venous hemodiafiltration (PVVHDF).

Group 2: 35 patients received early isolated PVVHDF in addition to standard intensive therapy.

Group 3: 32 patients received selective plasma filtration (SPF) before early isolated PVVHDF. Each patient underwent 4 SPF procedures (on days 1, 2, 3, and 5).

Stage IV - ECD Procedures: PVVHDF for all groups was performed in post-dilution mode (multiFiltrate: Fresenius Medical Care) using the "Kit-8" cartridge and AV1000S hemofilter (surface area = 1.8 m²). Blood flow rate was 150-200 mL/min. The dose of renal replacement therapy was 30-40 mL/kg/day (total effluent and ultrafiltrate volume relative to patient body weight). Ultrafiltration volume and rate were adjusted individually. PVVHDF duration ranged from 24 to 72 hours. Systemic anticoagulation was achieved with bolus unfractionated heparin: 30-50 IU/kg at the start, followed by 10-20 IU/kg/hour (500-1000 IU/hour), monitored by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). SPF was performed using EVACLIO-EC-2C20 plasma separators (Kawasumi, Japan) in membrane plasma separation mode (multiFiltrate: Fresenius Medical Care). Perfusion rate was 120 mL/min. Plasma replacement during SPF was performed with 20% albumin solution (200 mL) in an isovolemic solution (ACCUSOL 4 K+ 5000 mL). Replacement volume ranged from 2 to 3 times the circulating plasma volume (5-10 liters). Anticoagulation: unfractionated heparin 2000 IU/hour (into the arterial segment of the circuit before the plasma separator).

Stage V - Dynamic Clinical and Laboratory Monitoring: Conducted on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 in the ICU.

Stage VI - Statistical Analysis: Data are presented as median and interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess data normality. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for intergroup comparisons. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess changes over time. Fisher's exact test was used for qualitative data. Logistic regression was used to assess posterior probabilities. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Spearman's rank correlation was used to assess correlations. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-27.0 and Jamovi-2.6.2024 software.

Inclusion Criteria:

Abdominal septic shock (Sepsis-3) and AKI stage 1 according to the KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) classification

Exclusion Criteria:

Terminal state, active bleeding, atonic coma, severe heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction <25%), decompensated liver failure, body weight less than 20 kg, age under 18 years, pregnancy, as well as cases of septic shock without AKI.

The data supporting the findings of this study will be openly available in the Figshare repository.

10.03.2025

Open access

The first stage involved standard clinical and laboratory monitoring, along with daily assessment of the severity of the patients' condition.

The second stage included the distribution of patients into three groups. The third stage involved the implementation of renal replacement therapy (RRT). The fourth stage consisted of statistical analysis.