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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| New Life Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association | OTHER |
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The current study uses a randomized cross-over design, in which participants are exposed to brief mindfulness-based experiential sessions with and without incorporating virtual reality (i.e., the experimental and control conditions, respectively). Order of exposure to these two conditions are counter-balanced and participants are randomized into the two arms of exposure in a different order. Furthermore, this study includes the use of both subjective self-report and objective physiological measures of mental wellbeing. It is hypothesized that VR-incorporated mindfulness-based experiential session brings a greater improvement in state mindfulness, state affect, and stress response. Results shed light on the added value of incorporating VR into brief MBIs, particularly in reference to the typical practice of promoting mindfulness in the local community.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness Add-on (with VR-incorporated first) | Experimental | Mindfulness exercise with virtual reality incorporated as the first experiential session |
|
| Mindfulness Typical (audio-only first) | Active Comparator | Mindfulness exercise with only audio guidance as the first experiential session |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness VR-Typical | Behavioral | Participants first experience mindfulness exercise with virtual reality incorporated, then another mindfulness exercise with only audio-guidance as typically delivered without the technology |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in positive affect as measured by International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (I-PANAS-SF) after a brief practice of mindfulness. | Using a 5-point Likert scale from 1 = Never to 5 = Always, individuals rate on their experience of five positive affect in the present moment. Scores are summed across 5 items, with higher scores indicating higher levels of positive affect. | At the start of the first session (at minute 0), at the end of the first session (which is also the start of the second session; at minute 10), and at the end of the second session (at minute 20). |
| Change in negative affect as measured by International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (I-PANAS-SF) after a brief practice of mindfulness. | Using a 5-point Likert scale from 1 = Never to 5 = Always, individuals rate on their experience of five negative affect in the present moment. Scores are summed across 5 items, with higher scores indicating higher levels of negative affect. | At the start of the first session (at minute 0), at the end of the first session (which is also the start of the second session; at minute 10), and at the end of the second session (at minute 20). |
| Change in state mindfulness as measured by the State Mindfulness Scale (SMS) after a brief practice of mindfulness. | Individuals rate their state mindfulness on a 5-point Likert scale across 21 items, from 1 = Not at All to 5 = Very Much. Scores are summed to represent overall mindfulness and two subfactors differentiated by objects of mindfulness - (1) mind and (2) body. Higher scores indicate higher levels of mindfulness at the moment. | At the start of the first session (at minute 0), at the end of the first session (which is also the start of the second session; at minute 10), and at the end of the second session (at minute 20). |
| Change in heart rate variability as measured with the Shimmer3 GSR+ (Galvanic Skin Response) unit after a brief practice of mindfulness. | The Shimmer3 GSR+ unit is strapped to a participant's wrist and fingers of the non-dominant hand. An optical pulse sensor is attached to the second finger to collect photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals over a 5-minute period, which are then transformed into HRV measures with artifacts corrected through automated detection using the Kubios HRV Scientific software. Higher values indicate greater heart rate variability. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Satisfaction with the intervention as measured by a single Likert item with open text entry designed specifically for this study | Participants complete a service evaluation form that includes rating on a 5-point Likert scale, from 1 - Strongly Disagree to 5 - Strongly Agree, designed specifically to assess their level of satisfaction with the intervention received in the current study. They are also asked in an open-ended way to provide narratives of their experience throughout the encounter. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Level of engagement or presence during a mindfulness exercise as measured by 3-5 Likert items designed specifically for this study | Using a 5-point Likert scale, from 1 - Strongly Disagree to 5 - Strongly Agree, all participants rate on 3 items that assess their engagement, sense of being, and distractedness during a session. Two more items are to be completed if VR technology is involved in the experiential session. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harry Chung | Contact | +852-2319-2103 | harrychung@nlpra.org.hk | |
| Peter Ho | Contact |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Amanda K Cheung | The University of Hong Kong | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Life Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association | Kowloon | Hong Kong |
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| Mindfulness Typical-VR | Behavioral | Participants first experience mindfulness exercise with only audio-guidance, then another mindfulness exercise with virtual reality incorporated |
|
| At the start of the first session (at minute 0), at the end of the first session (which is also the start of the second session; at minute 10), and at the end of the second session (at minute 20). |
| Change in skin conductance level as measured with the Shimmer3 GSR+ (Galvanic Skin Response) unit after a brief practice of mindfulness. | The Shimmer3 GSR+ unit is strapped to a participant's wrist and fingers of the non-dominant hand. Two additional electrodes are attached to the third and fourth fingers of the participants' non-dominant hand to collect both phasic and tonic skin conductance data. Higher values indicate greater skin conductance. | At the start of the first session (at minute 0), at the end of the first session (which is also the start of the second session; at minute 10), and at the end of the second session (at minute 20). |
| At the end of the full program (i.e., one-time assessment; at minute 20). |
| At the start of the first session (at minute 0), at the end of the first session (which is also the start of the second session; at minute 10), and at the end of the second session (at minute 20). |