Substance use during pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States, with 55-80% of postpartum patients disengaging from substance use disorder (SUD) treatment within one year of delivery. Structural and social determinants of health, including housing instability, transportation barriers, and limited childcare access, further exacerbate disparities in treatment retention.

This pilot study, conducted in two specialized prenatal care clinics, evaluates the feasibility and acceptability of two integrated strategies to promote sustained engagement in recovery-oriented services during the perinatal and postpartum periods. Aim 1 implements a standardized social needs screening and referral protocol to connect patients with community-based supports. Aim 2 pilots a contingency management intervention to incentivize recovery-supportive behaviors.

Findings will inform the design of a larger multi-site randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of these interventions on treatment retention, overdose prevention, and maternal-infant health outcomes.

Substance use during pregnancy remains a significant public health concern and is among the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States. Despite the availability of evidence-based interventions-including pharmacotherapy and behavioral counseling-treatment discontinuation in the postpartum period remains prevalent. Data from prior studies indicate that between 55% and 80% of postpartum patients disengage from substance use disorder (SUD) treatment within the first year following delivery. Disparities in treatment retention are further exacerbated by structural and social determinants of health, such as housing instability, transportation barriers, and limited access to childcare.

This pilot study is conducted in two specialized prenatal care clinics for individuals with SUD. The primary objective is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of two integrated, patient-centered strategies designed to promote sustained engagement in recovery-oriented services during the perinatal and postpartum periods.

Aim 1: Implementation of a Standardized Social Needs Screening and Referral Protocol This aim assesses the feasibility of deploying a structured, clinic-based protocol to systematically identify and address unmet social needs among pregnant patients with SUD. The protocol includes referral pathways to community-based services, including but not limited to perinatal home visiting programs, doulas, housing assistance, and transportation resources. Approximately 20 patients receiving care in the CARE clinic are enrolled to evaluate the clarity, usability, and clinical integration of the screening and referral process.

Aim 2: Pilot Testing of a Contingency Management Intervention This aim pilots a contingency management framework to incentivize engagement in recovery-supportive behaviors, such as attending scheduled appointments, adhering to treatment plans, and participating in supportive health activities. Contingency management demonstrates efficacy in other populations but has not been sufficiently adapted for use in perinatal SUD treatment settings. Approximately 20 patients are enrolled in this arm to assess the feasibility, fidelity, and preliminary acceptability of the intervention.

Both components of the study are designed to enhance long-term maternal recovery outcomes by delivering tailored, real-world supports that extend beyond delivery into the vulnerable postpartum period. Insights gained from this pilot study inform the development of a larger, multi-site randomized controlled trial to rigorously evaluate the impact of the interventions on treatment retention, overdose risk reduction, and maternal-infant health outcomes.

Inclusion Criteria:

Confirmed viable intrauterine pregnancy at any gestational age, or within three years postpartum

SUD as defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or clinician documentation

Exclusion Criteria:

Decline follow-up care at study site

Require immediate hospitalization for unstable medical or psychiatric conditions making them clinically unsuitable to participate in a research study

NICHD Data and Specimen Hub (DASH)

Start Date: 9/1/2025 End Date: 8/31/2028

Authorized users will access the data through the NICHD Data and Specimen Hub (DASH) repository and the NIH HEAL Initiative Data Platform