Anemia affects the quality of life of CKD patients and increases the risk of CKD progression. we conducted a real-world study on patients with anemia in CKD to analyze the disease characteristics and treatment in Chinese patients with CKD-anemia.

Anemia adversely affects the quality of life of CKD patients and increases the risk of CKD progression.

This study utilize data from approximately 20 medical centers across China. It aims to:

1. Analyze the disease characteristics, current diagnostic and treatments in Chinese patients with CKD-anemia.
2. Evaluate the safety and efficacy profiles of different drugs used for CKD-anemia.
3. Explore the direct medical costs associated with CKD-anemia management within real-world clinical practice in China.

Inclusion Criteria: CKD patients will be defined as those meeting any of the following criteria during the observation period:

1. diagnosis of CKD (e.g., "%chronic kidney disease%", "%chronic nephropathy%", "%renal failure%", "%nephritis%" for complete ICD-9/10 code mapping*)
2. record of hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) (refer to Attachment 2 for dialysis identification algorithms)
3. ≥2 eGFR measurements <60 mL/min/1.73m² (calculated using CKD-EPI equation) with ≥3-month interval (excluding acute kidney injury)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Non-renal anemia due to trauma, traffic accidents, major hemorrhage, or other confirmed etiologies (e.g., acute hemorrhagic anemia, nutritional deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia);
2. Diagnosis of acute kidney disease (AKD) without chronic kidney disease (CKD) comorbidity;
3. Incomplete critical data elements (including age, sex, or visit dates).

Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease