Clinical, Psychosocial, and Comfort Effects of Hybrid Education in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Multidimensional Effectiveness of Self-care and Self-efficacy Based Hybrid Education in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial on Clinical, Psychosocial and Comfort Aspects

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of a self-care and self-efficacy-based hybrid education program implemented for individuals receiving hemodialysis treatment on their clinical findings, psychosocial status (dialysis distress), and comfort levels during the dialysis process.

For this purpose, the most important questions to be answered in the study are as follows:

• What are the clinical findings, psychosocial status (dialysis distress), and comfort levels of hemodialysis patients at the beginning of the study?
• Does the self-care and self-efficacy-based hybrid education have an impact on the clinical findings, psychosocial status (dialysis distress), and comfort levels of hemodialysis patients?

Participants:

The intervention group will receive a structured hybrid education program based on self-care and self-efficacy. The control group will not receive any intervention during this period and will continue with routine nursing care (standard treatment).

The 78 hemodialysis patients included in the study will initially be administered a personal information form, a self-care/self-efficacy scale, a hemodialysis distress thermometer, and a hemodialysis comfort scale. The intervention group will then receive a structured hybrid training program focused on self-care and self-efficacy. The training will be conducted in two sessions, one day per week, over a total of two weeks.

The training process is designed as a hybrid, incorporating both in-person and online sessions. The training will be supported by interactive sessions, practical demonstrations, guidance materials, and reminder/motivational messages sent via WhatsApp to improve individuals' self-care behaviors, psychological resilience, comfort levels, and clinical parameters.

The control group will not receive any intervention during this period and will continue with routine nursing care (standard treatment). Both groups will be assessed twice, before the training and four weeks after the training, using the relevant data collection form.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Individuals aged 18 and over
• Patients who have been receiving hemodialysis treatment for at least 6 months
• Those with stable clinical findings
• Those who have not previously received professional training in self-care and self-sufficiency
• Those who have the cognitive ability to complete the data collection form
• Those who do not have a severe visual or auditory impairment
• Those who can use a smartphone and have access to the WhatsApp application
• Those who volunteer to participate in the study and sign the Informed Consent Form will be included.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Under 18 years of age
• Patients receiving hemodialysis treatment for less than 6 months
• Those whose clinical findings fluctuate to the point of being life-threatening
• Those who have previously received professional training on self-care and self-sufficiency
• Individuals who declare that they will not be able to attend at least one of the training sessions during the program
• Individuals who are simultaneously participating in another training program or psychosocial intervention
• Those who do not have the cognitive capacity to complete the data collection form
• Individuals who cannot effectively participate in the applications due to visual or hearing impairments
• Individuals who cannot use a smartphone or do not have access to the WhatsApp application
• Those who do not wish to participate in the study and who do not sign the Informed Consent Form will not be included.