The purpose of this study is to find out if the Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine can be used safely to treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease.

Researchers will compare responses from patients with MAC lung disease after receiving an injection of BCG or placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no drug)

Participants in the study:

• Receive a BCG or placebo injection at UVA study center on Day 0
• Come to UVA study center on Day 60
• Come to UVA study center at the end of the study
• Answer surveys and questionnaires about how you are doing
• Have blood drawn 3 times, on injection day, day 60, and at end of study
• Give the study team personal and demographic information
• Discuss any new symptoms with the study team
• Provide monthly sputum samples per usual care

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease (LD) is an increasingly prevalent condition in the United States. Treatment involves administration of multiple antibiotics for at least 12 months and many patients still fail, or infection recurs. New therapeutic strategies are needed. We hypothesize that Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) will have microbiologic activity against MAC during lung disease, because of

• Its mycobacterium antigens shared with MAC (1).
• In vitro evidence that BCG stimulates MAC-specific immune responses in mice and humans (2, 3).
• In vivo evidence that BCG reduces MAC in mice with established infection (4). Clinical evidence for BCG protection against MAC infection in HIV patients and in children (5, 6).

Objectives:

The primary objective is to determine the safety and immunogenicity of BCG against MAC lung disease after intradermal vaccination with BCG or placebo.

The secondary objectives include:

• the microbiologic efficacy of BCG compared to placebo.
• to determine if BCG is superior to placebo in reducing all-cause respiratory illness requiring additional antibiotics, healthcare assessment, or admission.

Endpoints:

Primary endpoints:

• Safety and tolerability of intradermal BCG (TICE®) in this patient population, compared to placebo, assessed by weekly questionnaire of adverse events over 12 weeks.
• Serious adverse events related to the intradermal BCG over 12 months.
• Immunogenicity of BCG as measured by the change in BCG-induced IFN-γ production in PBMCs 60 days after vaccination, compared to placebo.

Secondary endpoints:

• Proportion of monthly sputum cultures positive for MAC after BCG vaccine or placebo over 24 months.
• Immunogenicity of BCG on MAC-specific IFN-γ responses.
• Proportion of patients with MAC culture conversion and MAC recurrence within 24 months.
• Rates of all-cause respiratory illness requiring additional antibiotics, healthcare assessment, or admission over 24 months.
• Symptom scores using the Quality of Life- Bronchiectasis Respiratory (QOL-BR) questionnaire over 24 months.
• Adverse Events of Special Interest (local/systemic M. bovis BCG infection) over 24 months.

Exploratory endpoints:

• Assess the efficacy of BCG versus placebo on chest imaging score.
• While the study is not powered to detect differences among subgroups, we will enumerate whether above endpoints are modified among these patient subgroups: cavitary versus non-cavitary disease, age, gender, the species of MAC infection, and those with higher IFN-γ responses.
• Assess PBMC cytokine responses beyond IFN-γ.
• Assess durability of immune responses at 24 months.

Study Population:

We aim to enroll a total of 48 participants with MAC, of which 24 will be randomized to receive each of BCG and placebo.

Inclusion Criteria

In order to be eligible to participate in this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Male or female aged ≥18 years

2. Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease as evidenced by diagnosis or treatment for MAC lung disease by pulmonologist or infectious disease physician in the medical record. The following data will be extracted from the medical record:

   1. History of at least 2 MAC positive respiratory cultures, one of which is within 1 year of enrollment. In the event a MAC positive culture is from bronchial lavage or biopsy, one culture rather than 2 will meet criteria.
   2. Respiratory and/or constitutional symptoms consistent with MAC lung disease
   3. Nodular or cavitary opacities on chest radiograph or bronchiectasis with multiple small nodules on high-resolution computed tomography

3. Provision of signed and dated informed consent form

4. Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures

5. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) (i.e., fertile following menarche and until becoming postmenopausal unless permanently sterile) agree to practice a highly effective method of birth control from Day 0 to at least 90 days after study intervention. Some examples of acceptable birth controls are:

   1. True abstinence (refraining from heterosexual intercourse during the entire study),
   2. Copper intrauterine device (IUD),
   3. Hormonal methods (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, progestogen implant, combined oral contraceptive pill [combined with barrier method]), exclusive homosexual relationship) sole male partner who has undergone surgical sterilization

Exclusion Criteria

Selection of study participants will be equitable, but an individual who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:

1. Currently receiving antibiotics prescribed for their MAC lung disease
2. Having received any antibacterial antibiotics within the past 14 days prior to study vaccination, day 0
3. Known allergy, intolerance or other contraindication to isoniazid or rifampin or ethambutol
4. Expectation of starting anti-MAC lung disease antibiotics in the next 2 months per patient or their physician
5. Persons with congenital or acquired immune deficiencies (e.g., HIV infection; leukemia, lymphoma, or cancer therapy within the past 2 years; immunosuppressive therapy such as anti B cell depleting therapies, corticosteroids (>20 mg/day for > 14 days), dupilumab, elivaldogene, etrasimod, cytotoxic chemotherapy, miscellaneous oncologic agents, therapeutic immunosuppressant agents, methotrexate, teplizumab, tezepelumab, tildrakizumab, tralokinumab, ustekinumab). Persons with lung and other solid organ transplants/hematologic stem cell transplants who may be contraindicated to receive a live vaccine. Point of care HIV testing must be negative at baseline.
6. Prior BCG Vaccination. If unknown Bcgatlas.org shall be consulted for local vaccination administration policies.
7. Known pregnancy at the time of screening or breastfeeding at the time of enrollment (pregnancy test negative at baseline if applicable)
8. Cystic fibrosis
9. Active tuberculosis: Active tuberculosis (respiratory AFB culture growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex within the past 4 months).
10. Known exposure to a case of active pulmonary tuberculosis within 10 weeks of enrollment
11. Known prior hypersensitivity reaction to BCG or any component of the BCG vaccine
12. Received live injectable vaccine within 28 days of day 0 study vaccination
13. Any condition in the opinion of the investigator that may confound the study endpoints Note that colonization or co-infection with other nontuberculous mycobacteria is not exclusionary, as MAC will be the endpoint.

Every attempt will be made to publish results in peer-reviewed journals. Data from this study may be requested from other researchers 2 years after the publication date of the primary endpoint by contacting Dr. Houpt. No protected health information will be shared.