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This study investigates the effects of calisthenics and life kinetics exercises on reaction time, balance, and swimming performance in male swimmers. Participants will be divided into two groups: one group will perform these additional exercises alongside their regular swimming training, while the other group will continue only with swimming. The study aims to find out if adding these exercises can improve swimmers' physical and performance abilities. The study lasts 8 weeks, with measurements taken before and after the program.
his study evaluated the effects of an 8-week calisthenics and life kinetics exercise program on reaction time, balance, and swimming performance in male swimmers. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group, performing the exercises alongside regular swim training, or a control group continuing swim training only. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included standardized reaction time tests, balance evaluations using validated tools, and swimming performance measured through timed swim trials. The study determined whether the addition of these exercises led to significant improvements in the swimmers' physical abilities and performance outcomes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calisthenics Training Group | Experimental | Participants received Calisthenics Training exercises in addition to their regular swimming training for 8 weeks. |
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| Life Kinetik Training Group | Experimental | Participants performed the life kinetics exercise program on specific days per week, in addition to their regular swimming training, for a duration of 8 weeks. |
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| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants continued with their regular swimming training only, without any additional interventions. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calisthenics Exercise Program | Behavioral | The exercises were administered twice a week for eight weeks alongside their regular swimming training, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes. Calisthenics exercise included crunch, reverse crunch, plank, super plank, superman, sumo squat, and squat jump movements. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 15-Meter Freestyle Swimming Time | Participants' performance was assessed using a Selex stopwatch to measure the time (in seconds) taken to swim 15 meters freestyle. Timing started when the swimmer's toes left the starting block and stopped when their head crossed the 15-meter marker. Standard warm-up procedures and competitive swimming rules were followed. | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| 25-Meter Freestyle Swimming Time | The time (in seconds) required to complete a 25-meter freestyle swim was measured using a Selex SLX 508 digital sports stopwatch. Standard warm-up was completed before testing. Participants were instructed to swim at maximal effort. | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Reaction Time | Reaction Time (Digital Reaction Test Device) Time Frame: At baseline and after 8 weeks of training Description: Reaction time was measured using a digital reaction test device. In each trial, participants responded to a color change on the screen by touching it as quickly as possible. The test was repeated three times, and the best (shortest) reaction time was recorded in milliseconds (ms). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Static Balance Score | Static balance was assessed using the Pagani TM stabilometric platform (Elettronica Pagani, Italy). Participants stood barefoot on a 50×50 cm platform surface for 30 seconds in a standardized foot position (30° angle, 2 cm between heels), while focusing on a fixed target at eye level. No external distractions were present during the test. The following parameters were recorded through the platform's software:
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Only self-identified males are eligible to participate in the study.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Harun GENÇ, AssocProfDr | Bingöl University Faculty of Sports Sciences | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bingöl University | Bingoel | Centre | 12000 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
The individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared due to ethical considerations and lack of participant consent for public data sharing.
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Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group receiving calisthenics and life kinetics exercises alongside swimming training or the control group continuing swimming training only.
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No parties were masked in this study.
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| Life Kinetik Exercise Program | Behavioral | The exercise program was conducted twice a week for eight weeks alongside regular swimming training, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes. It included various exercises designed to improve hand-eye coordination, balance, reaction time, and motor control, such as throwing, catching, and dribbling balls with both the right and left hands. Exercises involved catching the ball mid-air or after a bounce, tossing tennis balls simultaneously with both hands, and throwing balls against a wall with different catching techniques and hand usages to provide varied challenges. |
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| At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Right-Left Standard Deviation (R-LSD) | Right-left sway was recorded using the Pagani TM stabilometric platform. Higher values indicate poorer balance. Unit of Measure: millimeters (mm) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Anterior-Posterior Standard Deviation (A-PSD) | Anterior-posterior sway was recorded using the Pagani TM stabilometric platform. Higher values indicate poorer balance. Unit of Measure: millimeters (mm) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Medial-Lateral Mean Sway Velocity (M-LMSV) | The average speed of center of pressure movement in the medial-lateral direction during the balance test. Elevated values indicate greater postural instability. Unit of Measure: millimeters per second (mm/s) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Anterior-Posterior Mean Sway Velocity (A-PMSV) | The average velocity of sway in the anterior-posterior direction, calculated from center of pressure data. Higher values represent impaired static balance. Unit of Measure: millimeters per second (mm/s) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Center of Pressure Path Length (CPPL) | Total length of the trajectory followed by the center of pressure during the 30-second static balance test. Longer path length indicates greater postural sway and poorer balance control. Unit of Measure: millimeters (mm) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Sway Area (SA) | The area covered by the center of pressure trajectory during the test, representing the spatial extent of postural sway. Larger areas suggest reduced postural stability. Unit of Measure: square millimeters (mm²) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Dynamic Balance Score | Dynamic balance was assessed using the Libra (EasyTech) balance platform, which includes interchangeable blocks with three difficulty levels: 12 cm (easy), 24 cm (medium), and 40 cm (hard). For this study, the medium difficulty level with the 24 cm block was selected. Participants performed two separate 30-second trials in a double-leg stance, focusing their gaze on a fixed point located 3 meters away. The best result of the two trials was recorded for analysis. Seven fundamental balance parameters based on sway area (measured in square millimeters, mm²) and reaction times (measured in milliseconds, ms) were analyzed:
| At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Dynamic Balance Performance (DBP) | The duration participants were able to maintain balance during the dynamic test on the Libra platform. Shorter durations indicate better balance performance. Unit of Measure: seconds (s) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Right Sway Area (RSA) | The area covered by postural sway on the right side during dynamic balance testing. Higher values represent greater instability. Unit of Measure: square millimeters (mm²) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Left Sway Area (LSA) | The area covered by postural sway on the left side during dynamic balance testing. Larger sway areas indicate poorer balance performance. Unit of Measure: square millimeters (mm²) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Right Outer Sway Area (ROSA) | The extent of sway beyond the central area on the right side. Increased values signify a loss of postural control. Unit of Measure: square millimeters (mm²) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Left Outer Sway Area (LOSA) | The extent of sway beyond the central area on the left side during dynamic testing. Higher values reflect reduced balance stability. Unit of Measure: square millimeters (mm²) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Right Sway Reaction Time (RSRT) | The time it took for participants to react and stabilize following a perturbation or sway toward the right. Longer times indicate delayed neuromuscular response and impaired dynamic balance. Unit of Measure: milliseconds (ms) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |
| Left Sway Reaction Time (LSRT) | The time it took for participants to respond to sway in the left direction during the dynamic balance test. Longer reaction times represent poorer dynamic balance control. Unit of Measure: milliseconds (ms) | At baseline and 8 weeks of training |