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This research proposal aims to explore the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on reducing young children's screen time (ST) and caring parents' psychological and social issues in Hong Kong.
The research design was a two-arm waitlist, randomised controlled study with a focus group interview with 60 participants. The intervention integrates the mindfulness-based component into a modified Hands-on Parent Empowerment-20 (HOPE-20) programme, and is named as MORE (i.e. Mindfulness-based intervention On parent empowerment in REducing children's screen time). The intervention consists of 6 weeks of MBI training, each lasting for 2 hours, led by an experienced certified mindfulness teacher. The intervention programme consists of three components: (1) skill part - 4 lessons talk about parenting skills (Praising, token system, response cost, planned ignorance, quiet zone); (2) skill part - 2 lessons talk about child-parent communication (building relationship, communication strategies); and (3) mindfulness part - mindfulness-based training. The primary outcomes are young children's ST and children's disruptive behaviour. Feasibility outcomes include recruitment rate, retention rate, and acceptability of the interventions. Secondary outcomes include parent-child relationships, parents' perceptions of their abilities to manage the demands of parenting, parental stress level, and social support adequacy. The proposal also includes plans for focus group interviews with participants to gather qualitative data. Analyses will include descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test, Pearson's product-moment correlations, One-way ANOVA. A p-value < 0.05 will be taken as the level of statistical significant. The 95% Confidence interval (CI) around the differences will be calculated. For qualitative data, the results will be analyzed descriptively and narratively. The proposal highlights the potential of MBI for reducing young children's ST, as well as improving children-parent relationships, enhancing the efficacy and satisfaction level of the parents, and reducing the stress level of the parents.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-based intervention on parent empowerment in reducing children's screen time (MORE) | Experimental | The intervention consists of 6-session mindfulness-based intervention. Each session last for 2 hours. The training will be led by an experience certified mindfulness teacher. |
|
| Waistlist control group | No Intervention | Participants will be required to maintain their usual daily activities without begin any mindfulness and skills programme for 6-week |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-based intervention on parent empowerment in reducing children's screen time (MORE) | Behavioral | Participants will receive a 6-week MORE group training by integration of mindfulness-based component into a modified Hands-on Parent Empowerment-20 (HOPE-20) programme. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Screen time exposure - frequency | Children's screen time exposure including frequency will be record in terms of times per week | Baseline, week 6, week 18 |
| Screen time exposure - duration | Duration will be record in terms of minutes | Baseline, week 6, week 18 |
| Screen time exposure - nature and content | Screen time exposure, nature, and content require the parent to provide the types and names of the shows watched by their young children. | Baseline, week 6, week 18 |
| Screen time exposure - viewing behavior | The parents are required to provide the information on young children's viewing behavior, including singing, role play, discussing issues or discussing the films and shows by selecting from the questionnaire. | Baseline, week 6, week 18 |
| Change in parental stress level | The Parenting Stress Index - short form. It is a 36-item 5-point Likert scale with three 12-item subscales. Each item is scored from 1 to 5 (1 = "strongly disagree", 5 = "strongly agree"). The lowest score is 36, and the highest score is 180. Higher scores indicated higher parenting stress, and the cutoff point is >90. | Baseline, week 6, week 18 |
| Change in social support adquency level | The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Questionnaire is a 12-item questionnaire. Each item is scored from 1 to 7 (1 = "strongly disagree", 7 = "strongly agree"), the lowest score is 12 and the highest score is 84. A higher score defines higher social support from family, friends and significant others. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in children disruptive behavior | The Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory is a 36-item questionnaire that consists of two subscales: the intensity scale and the problem scale. The intensity scale assesses the common child behavior problems frequency from 1 to 7 (1 = "never", 7 = "always"), and the problem scale assesses the extent to which the parents find the troublesome behavior in "yes" or "no". The lowest score is 36, and the highest score is 252. Higher scores indicate more child behavior problems. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Feasibility of the study - recruitment and retention rate | Recruitment and retention rates will be recorded as a percentage. | week 6, week 18 |
| Feasibility of the study - attendance rates | Attendance rates are defined as the number of training sessions a subject has attended. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yuen Ling Leung, Doctor of Nursing | Contact | 39708751 | lleung@hkmu.edu.hk | |
| Sze Him, Isaac Leung, PhD in Statistics | Contact | 3943 9423 | shleung@cuhk.edu.hk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Yuen Ling Leung, Doctor of Nursing | Hong Kong Metropolitan University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hong Kong Metropolitan University | Recruiting | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
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| Baseline, week 6, week 18 |
| Baseline, week 6, week 18 |
| Change in parent-child relationships | The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale is a 6-point Likert scale with 15-item. Each item is scored from 1 to 6 (1 = "strongly disagree", 6 = "strongly agree"), the lowest score is 15, and the highest score is 90. A higher score represents a better parent-child relationship | Baseline, week 6, week 18 |
| week 6, week 18 |
| Feasibility of the study - time required to recruit to target sample size | The time required to recruit to target sample size will be record in terms of week | week 6, week 18 |
| Feasibility of the study - adverse events | Adverse events will be recorded in terms of narrative style. | week 6, week 18 |
| Acceptability of the study | Perception and satisfaction level of the intervention programme will be assessed by questionnaire | week 6, week 18 |
| Comments and suggestions on intervention programme | A total of 10 parent-child dyads will be invited to an hour focus group interview after the completion of the MORE programme to gather the experiences of participants. A semi-structured interview question will be used for focus group discussions and individual interviews, and an audio recorder will be used to record the dialogue of the focus group interview. The audiotaped interviews will be transcribed verbatim by a trained RA. | week 6, week 18 |