The standard rehabilitation protocol includes cold pack application to the knee region, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), quadriceps muscle stimulation, knee stretching, active-assisted and active range of motion (ROM) exercises, strengthening exercises for the knee extensors and hip abductors/extensors, gait training, and balance exercises. Each patient will undergo a total of 15 physical therapy sessions.

Measured in millimeters (mm). Indicates the average center of pressure (CoP) position along the side-to-side (X) axis during eyes-open static standing. Deviations from the midline suggest postural asymmetry or uneven weight distribution.

Measured in millimeters (mm) using the Tecnobody ProKin dynamometric platform. Indicates the average forward-backward (Y axis) position of the center of pressure (CoP) during eyes-open static standing. Deviations from neutral may reflect altered postural control or compensatory leaning in the sagittal plane.

Measured in millimeters (mm). Indicates the average center of pressure (CoP) position along the side-to-side (X) axis during eyes-closed static standing. Deviations from the midline suggest postural asymmetry or uneven weight distribution.

Measured in millimeters (mm) using the Tecnobody ProKin dynamometric platform. Indicates the average forward-backward (Y axis) position of the center of pressure (CoP) during eyes-closed static standing. Deviations from neutral may reflect altered postural control or compensatory leaning in the sagittal plane.

Change in Proprioception will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. The test will measure joint position sense (JPS) at 45° knee flexion. Participants will be passively moved to the target angle 45° and then asked to actively replicate the position without visual feedback. The absolute angular error between the target and reproduced angles will be recorded pre- and post-intervention. A reduction in angular error after the training will indicate an improvement in proprioceptive accuracy.

The KOOS (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) is a patient-reported questionnaire evaluating knee pain, function, and quality of life. It includes five subscales: Pain, Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living, Sport/Recreation, and QOL. The total score is the average of these subscales, ranging from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). This outcome measures the change in total KOOS score from baseline to post-intervention, with higher scores indicating improved knee health.

Change in Gait will be evaluated using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Participants will be timed as they rise from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn, return, and sit down. The test will be performed before and after the intervention. A decrease in time to complete the task will indicate improvement in gait speed and functional mobility.

Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a 10 cm line where 0 indicates "no pain" and 10 indicates "worst possible pain." Participants will mark their perceived knee pain level at rest and during activity. The distance from the "no pain" anchor to the mark will be measured in millimeters. A decrease in VAS score after intervention will indicate pain reduction.

BBS (Berg balance scale) evaluates static and dynamic balance; higher scores indicate improvement.

Balance will be assessed using the Single-Leg Stance Test. The participant is asked to stand on the operated limb with eyes open, and the time they can maintain the position without losing balance is recorded in seconds. Longer durations indicate better static balance and postural control.

Measured in millimeters (mm) using the Tecnobody ProKin dynamometric platform.. Indicates the average center of pressure (CoP) position along the axis during eyes-open static standing. Deviations from neutral suggest compensatory leaning or altered sagittal balance.

Measured in millimeters (mm) using the Tecnobody ProKin dynamometric platform.. Indicates the average center of pressure (CoP) position along the side-to-side (X) axis during eyes-open static standing. Deviations from the midline suggest postural asymmetry or uneven weight distribution.

Measured in millimeters (mm) using the Tecnobody ProKin dynamometric platform. Indicates variability in medio-lateral CoP movement during eyes-open static standing. Lower values suggest more stable posture and reduced lateral sway.

Measured in millimeters (mm) using the Tecnobody ProKin dynamometric platform. Indicates variability in medio-lateral CoP movement during eyes-closed static standing. Lower values suggest more stable posture and reduced lateral sway.

Measured in millimeters (mm) using the Tecnobody ProKin dynamometric platform. Indicates variability in forward-backward CoP movement during eyes-open static standing. Higher values suggest reduced postural stability and increased sway in the sagittal plane.

Measured in millimeters (mm) using the Tecnobody ProKin dynamometric platform. Indicates variability in forward-backward CoP movement during eyes-closed static standing. Higher values suggest reduced postural stability and increased sway in the sagittal plane.

Measured in millimeters per second (mm/sec) using the Tecnobody ProKin platform. Indicates the average velocity of center of pressure (CoP) movement in the forward-backward direction during eyes-open static standing. Lower velocities indicate improved postural control in the sagittal plane.

Measured in millimeters per second (mm/sec) using the Tecnobody ProKin platform. Indicates the average velocity of center of pressure (CoP) movement in the forward-backward direction during eyes-closed static standing. Lower velocities indicate improved postural control in the sagittal plane.

Description: Measured in millimeters per second (mm/sec) using the Tecnobody ProKin platform. Reflects the average velocity of CoP movement in the medio-lateral direction during eyes-open static standing. Reduced values suggest enhanced lateral stability and balance control.

Description: Measured in millimeters per second (mm/sec) using the Tecnobody ProKin platform. Reflects the average velocity of CoP movement in the medio-lateral direction during eyes-closed static standing. Reduced values suggest enhanced lateral stability and balance control.

Assessed using the A.T.E. (Angular Target Evaluation)test on the Tecnobody ProKin platform with the right foot. This dynamic balance test measures the ability to control the center of pressure (CoP) to reach visual targets on a moving platform. Metrics include time to target, accuracy, path efficiency, and postural stability. Improved performance indicates enhanced proprioceptive control, coordination, and dynamic balance of the right lower limb.

Knee flexion range of motion (ROM) will be measured using a standard goniometer with the participant in a supine position. The angle between the thigh and lower leg during active knee flexion will be recorded in degrees. Increases in ROM indicate improved joint mobility and functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty.

Knee extension range of motion (ROM) will be measured using a standard goniometer with the participant in a supine position. The angle between the thigh and lower leg during active knee extension will be recorded in degrees. Decreases in extension deficit (i.e., movement closer to full extension) indicate improved joint mobility and functional recovery following total knee arthroplasty.

Balance will be assessed using the Single-Leg Stance Test. The participant is asked to stand on the operated limb with eyes closed, and the time they can maintain the position without losing balance is recorded in seconds. Longer durations indicate better static balance and postural control.

Balance will be assessed using the Single-Leg Stance Test. The participant is asked to stand on the non-operated limb with eyes open, and the time they can maintain the position without losing balance is recorded in seconds. Longer durations indicate better static balance and postural control.

Balance will be assessed using the Single-Leg Stance Test. The participant is asked to stand on the non-operated limb with eyes closed, and the time they can maintain the position without losing balance is recorded in seconds. Longer durations indicate better static balance and postural control.

Assessed using the A.T.E. (Angular Target Evaluation)test on the Tecnobody ProKin platform with the left foot. This dynamic balance test measures the ability to control the center of pressure (CoP) to reach visual targets on a moving platform. Metrics include time to target, accuracy, path efficiency, and postural stability. Improved performance indicates enhanced proprioceptive control, coordination, and dynamic balance of the left lower limb.

The 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) is a patient-reported measure evaluating physical and mental components of health-related quality of life. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Anxiety subscale (HADS-A) is a validated tool specifically designed to assess symptoms of anxiety in hospital settings. It includes 7 items, each scored from 0 to 3, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 21. Lower scores indicate fewer anxiety symptoms, while higher scores reflect greater levels of anxiety.

The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a questionnaire that measures fear of movement or re-injury. Scores range from 17 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater fear.

The Functional Reach Test (FRT) is a clinical measure used to assess dynamic balance and stability. It quantifies the maximum distance an individual can reach forward beyond arm's length while standing in a fixed position without losing balance. The outcome is measured in centimeters. An increase in reach distance from baseline to post-intervention indicates improvement in dynamic balance and postural control.

The KOOS Symptoms subscale assesses joint stiffness, swelling, and mechanical symptoms in the knee. Scores range from 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems), with higher scores indicating better knee function.

This subscale evaluates difficulty with performing daily activities such as walking, climbing stairs, and standing. Scores range from 0 to 100, where higher scores reflect better functional ability in daily life.

This subscale measures the participant's ability to perform sport and recreational activities such as squatting, running, and jumping. Scores range from 0 (severe difficulty) to 100 (no difficulty).

This subscale captures the impact of knee problems on the participant's overall quality of life, including mental and social aspects. Scores range from 0 (very poor knee-related QOL) to 100 (no impact). Change in scores will indicate perceived recovery and satisfaction.

Assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Computer Sports Medicine Inc., Stoughton, MA, USA). Peak torque represents the maximum torque output of the knee extensor muscles during concentric contraction at an angular velocity of 180 degrees per second. Higher values indicate greater muscle strength.

Assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Computer Sports Medicine Inc., Stoughton, MA, USA). Peak torque represents the maximum torque output of the knee extensor muscles during concentric contraction at an angular velocity of 60 degrees per second. Higher values indicate greater muscle strength.

Assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Computer Sports Medicine Inc., Stoughton, MA, USA). Peak torque represents the maximum torque output of the knee flexor muscles during concentric contraction at an angular velocity of 180 degrees per second. Higher values indicate greater muscle strength.

Assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Computer Sports Medicine Inc., Stoughton, MA, USA). Peak torque represents the maximum torque output of the knee flexor muscles during concentric contraction at an angular velocity of 60 degrees per second. Higher values indicate greater muscle strength.

Measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 180°/s. This parameter expresses peak torque of the knee extensors relative to body weight (%), allowing comparison across individuals and limbs. Higher values indicate improved relative muscle strength.

Measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s. This parameter expresses peak torque of the knee extensors relative to body weight (%), allowing comparison across individuals and limbs. Higher values indicate improved relative muscle strength.

Measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 180°/s. This parameter expresses peak torque of the knee flexors relative to body weight (%), allowing comparison across individuals and limbs. Higher values indicate improved relative muscle strength.

Measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s. This parameter expresses peak torque of the knee flexors relative to body weight (%), allowing comparison across individuals and limbs. Higher values indicate improved relative muscle strength.

Measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. This outcome reflects the agonist/antagonist strength balance between the knee flexor (hamstring) and extensor (quadriceps) muscles. The ratio is calculated by dividing peak torque of the flexors by that of the extensors, measured at 60°/s. Balanced ratios are important for joint stability and injury prevention.

Measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. This outcome reflects the agonist/antagonist strength balance between the knee flexor (hamstring) and extensor (quadriceps) muscles. The ratio is calculated by dividing peak torque of the flexors by that of the extensors, measured at 180°/s. Balanced ratios are important for joint stability and injury prevention.

Total work will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 180 degrees per second. It represents the cumulative torque generated by the knee extensor muscles across all repetitions during the test. Higher values indicate improved muscular endurance and sustained force production at higher speeds of movement.

Total work will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 180 degrees per second. It represents the cumulative torque generated by the knee flexor muscles across all repetitions during the test. Higher values indicate improved muscular endurance and sustained force production at higher speeds of movement.

Fatigue index will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 180 degrees per second. It reflects the percentage decline in torque output across repeated maximal knee extension contractions. A lower fatigue index indicates improved muscular endurance and greater resistance to fatigue under high-speed loading conditions.

Fatigue index will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 180 degrees per second. It reflects the percentage decline in torque output across repeated maximal knee flexion contractions. A lower fatigue index indicates improved muscular endurance and greater resistance to fatigue under high-speed loading conditions.

Work per repetition will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 60 degrees per second. This parameter represents the mechanical work produced by the knee extensor muscles during each repetition of concentric contraction. It is calculated as the area under the torque-angle curve for a single repetition. Higher values indicate improved muscular performance and efficiency during isolated strength testing.

Work per repetition will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 60 degrees per second. This parameter represents the mechanical work produced by the knee flexor muscles during each repetition of concentric contraction. It is calculated as the area under the torque-angle curve for a single repetition. Higher values indicate improved muscular performance and efficiency during isolated strength testing.

Average power per repetition will be measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60 degrees per second. It is calculated by dividing the work performed during each repetition by the time taken to complete that repetition. This parameter reflects the ability of the knee extensor muscles to generate force quickly and efficiently. Increased values are associated with enhanced functional performance in tasks requiring speed and strength, such as gait and balance.

Average power per repetition will be measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60 degrees per second. It is calculated by dividing the work performed during each repetition by the time taken to complete that repetition. This parameter reflects the ability of the knee flexor muscles to generate force quickly and efficiently. Increased values are associated with enhanced functional performance in tasks requiring speed and strength, such as gait and balance.

Average power per repetition will be measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 180 degrees per second. It is calculated by dividing the work performed during each repetition by the time taken to complete that repetition. This parameter reflects the ability of the knee extensor muscles to generate force quickly and efficiently. Increased values are associated with enhanced functional performance in tasks requiring speed and strength, such as gait and balance.

Average power per repetition will be measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 180 degrees per second. It is calculated by dividing the work performed during each repetition by the time taken to complete that repetition. This parameter reflects the ability of the knee flexor muscles to generate force quickly and efficiently. Increased values are associated with enhanced functional performance in tasks requiring speed and strength, such as gait and balance.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Depression subscale (HADS-D) is a validated tool specifically designed to assess symptoms of depression in hospital settings. It consists of 7 items, each scored from 0 to 3, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 21. Lower scores indicate fewer depressive symptoms, while higher scores suggest greater levels of depression.