This randomized controlled study aims to compare the effectiveness of video-based and model-based training methods in improving Leopold maneuver skills among second-year midwifery students. The study will be conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University. Eligible students will be randomly assigned into three groups: video-supported training, model-supported training, and control. All participants will first receive a 2-hour theoretical training session. Then, the video group will watch an instructional video, the model group will perform hands-on practice using anatomical models, and the control group will receive no additional intervention. Skill acquisition will be evaluated through practical assessments conducted a few days and two months after training. At the end of the study, compensatory training will be provided to all groups to ensure educational equity. Data collection tools include a psychomotor skills assessment form, a student satisfaction scale, and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. Statistical analyses will be performed using SPSS software.

This randomized controlled trial investigates the comparative effectiveness of video-based and model-based educational interventions in enhancing second-year midwifery students' psychomotor skills related to the Leopold maneuvers. The study is designed with three parallel arms: (1) video-supported training, (2) anatomical model-supported training, and (3) control (no additional intervention beyond theoretical instruction).

A total of eligible participants will be recruited from the Faculty of Health Sciences at Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University and randomly assigned to one of the three groups using block randomization to ensure balanced allocation. All participants will initially receive a standardized 2-hour face-to-face theoretical session on Leopold maneuvers, delivered by experienced faculty members using the same content.

Following the theoretical instruction:

The video group will view a professionally prepared instructional video demonstrating all four Leopold maneuvers.

The model group will engage in hands-on practice using standardized pregnant anatomical mannequins under supervision.

The control group will not receive any additional material or practice after the theoretical session.

Psychomotor skill acquisition will be measured using a structured and validated 25-item Leopold Maneuver Psychomotor Skills Assessment Form, scored on a 0-4 Likert scale per item, with a total score range of 0-100. Assessments will be conducted at two time points: (1) within a few days following the intervention (to assess immediate skill gain), and (2) two months post-intervention (to assess skill retention).

To address potential ethical concerns and ensure educational equity, compensatory training (video + model-based) will be offered to all groups after final assessments are completed.

Additional data collection tools include:

A Student Satisfaction Scale designed for evaluating the learner experience with the instructional method,

The Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) to assess state anxiety levels during skills application phases.

All statistical analyses will be conducted using SPSS version XX (or equivalent), employing appropriate tests for intergroup comparisons (e.g., ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA) and within-group changes (e.g., paired t-tests or non-parametric equivalents depending on distribution). A p-value < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

The study adheres to ethical guidelines for human subject research and has obtained approval from the relevant Institutional Ethics Committee. Participation is voluntary and written informed consent will be obtained from all students prior to enrollment.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Must be a second-year student in the Department of Midwifery at -Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Faculty of Health Sciences
• Has not previously taken the "Normal Pregnancy and Care" course
• Has not received prior training on Leopold maneuvers
• Willing to voluntarily participate in the study
• Able to attend all training and assessment sessions during the study period

Exclusion Criteria:

• Having an acute health condition that may interfere with participation in the training
• Being on leave or having frozen enrollment during the study period
• Sharing study content or violating confidentiality with members of other groups
• Withdrawing from the study voluntarily or being excluded due to absenteeism

Individual participant data will not be shared due to institutional policies and data privacy concerns.