We aim to better understand the functions of the subregions of the human amygdala that receive direct projections from the olfactory bulb

The human amygdala is part of primary olfactory cortex, in that it receives direct monosynaptic input from the olfactory bulb1-4. This suggests an important role for the amygdala in olfactory processing, yet the anatomical and functional properties of olfactory inputs to the human amygdala are largely unexplored. The overarching goal of this proposal is to elucidate the role of amygdala subregions in human olfactory processing.

The olfactory bulb projects in parallel to multiple cortical areas, each of which is thought to play a unique role in olfactory processing5-10. Within the amygdala, several distinct subregions receive direct, monosynaptic bulb input, suggesting distinct roles, yet their olfactory functions are not fully understood. Rodent studies have begun to explore potential roles for these subregions in olfactory-guided social and approach/avoid behaviors11- 15, with the first-ever recordings of the posterolateral cortical amygdala accomplished recently16. However, our understanding of these areas is still incomplete. Notably, most rodent studies on the olfactory amygdala subregions have focused on the accessory olfactory system, which humans lack. Furthermore, most human studies have not considered olfactory amygdala subregions separately17-21. This is a critical consideration, both because the majority of amygdala subregions do not receive olfactory inputs and because those that do likely play distinct roles in olfactory processing. These roles cannot be understood without analyzing the subregions separately. Thus, there is a strong need for more research into the role of the human amygdala subregions in olfaction. Importantly, olfactory amygdala subregions have been implicated in SUDEP22-26, the leading cause of death in temporal lobe epilepsy. Understanding the anatomical and functional properties of these regions is therefore of clinical importance as well.

This research will study human olfactory amygdala subregions using a multi-faceted, rigorous approach. It will combine specialized high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging, high-resolution amygdala-targeted fMRI, rare direct electrical stimulation of the human amygdala (purely clinically prescribed) and human psychophysics, each suited to address a different question.

This study will test the hypothesis that activity in distinct amygdala subregions reflects distinct olfactory behaviors. Experiments for this aim will use fMRI-derived ensemble patterns and time-series to explore distinct olfactory roles for amygdala subregions, with excellent spatial resolution and simultaneous coverage of the entire amygdala. The use of fMRI ensemble patterns is ideal, since olfactory cortical areas including the amygdala use a distributive mode of coding16. This experiment will use fMRI to measure activity across all amygdala subregions while presenting identical odors under different ecologically relevant contexts (social, spatial and food). It will also use fMRI to examine correlations between amygdala fMRI patterns and olfactory approach/avoid behaviors.

Inclusion Criteria:

• older than 18 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

-

All data will be made freely available on our lab website and/or GitHub page. All raw data will be available

Some of the above may be made available on our lab website, if relevant for the particular study. Data will be available with no time limitations. Data will be made available once published.