This is a basic science study of a missing dimension of human brain function, how information flows the six layers of the brain. The research will involve neurosurgery patients and controls in laminar-resolution functional MRI at 7 Tesla during a working memory and language task. The neurosurgery patients will be involved in intracranial recordings with FDA approved electrodes capable of recording across the cortical layers, or electrodes with FDA Investigational Device Exemption. The neurosurgery patients will also be able to provide tissue samples for genomics research from tissue that would be clinically removed, resected or disrupted as part of the clinical treatment. The outcome is unprecedented insights into this missing dimension of human brain function which will help to advance biomedical science and could be crucial for developing better patient diagnostic and treatment options for a host of brain disorders where laminar information flow is disrupted but currently cannot be effectively studied.

Humans are uniquely capable of combining information in novel ways to give meaning and infer unobservable causes in the environment. This ability is supported by interactions between working memory and sensory processes. When applied to language, these combinatorial processes give us the ability to reason and plan. This complex behavior is thought to be grounded in information flowing both forward and backward between cortical areas, routed through the six layered organization of the mammalian neocortex. Testing this hypothesis requires gathering information of human laminar circuits at multiple scales, from the molecular (informing the composition of local circuits) to the mesoscopic (detailing information flow within an area across laminae) and network (across areas) ones. This challenging objective has so far remained out of reach, investigating laminar circuits has been mostly confined to animal models, limiting our understanding of human complex behaviors. To break through, the investigators propose a partnership that can provide these much needed multiscale observations in 100+ neurosurgery patients and: 1) record both high-density (laminar) array recordings and subdural recordings from prefrontal and temporal cortical areas while patients conduct a task that requires the manipulation of linguistic information in working memory; 2) characterize the laminar cell-specific molecular and genetic properties of tissue sampled immediately after the recordings; and 3) scale laminar circuit insights to mesoscopic levels accessible with laminar fMRI at 7 Tesla, in the same patients undergoing electrophysiological recordings. By combining this information using a (generative) computational modeling approach, the investigators will unravel how local neural dynamics and forward and backward information passing across areas supports our ability to recombine linguistic information in working memory. The unique multiscale level information of human brain function that the investigators aim to collect will benefit efforts beyond the cognitive field, such as those oriented at understanding the biophysical processes underlying non-invasive recordings such as fMRI.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients: Eligible for wake DBS implantation or epilepsy/tumor/biopsy treatment procedure, within the age range of 18 and 80 years old.
• Healthy controls: can only participate in the non-invasive brain imaging study, within the age range of 18 and 80 years old.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Psychiatric disorder
• Drug addiction
• Not able to conduct an English based language task
• Not capable of being scanned with MRI (e.g., metal implants)

Candidate patient research participants are those requiring DBS implant, epilepsy/tumor/biopsy resection procedures that require awake treatment with craniotomy. The patients can participate in the intracranial recordings, brain imaging and tissue sampling parts of the research. Control healthy participants will only participate in the non-invasive brain imaging study with fMRI in 7 Tesla.