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The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of aromatherapy with lavender and bergamot essential oils on anxiety, vital signs, and feelings of embarrassment before colonoscopy. The findings of this study are expected to contribute both to filling a gap in the literature and to the planning of evidence-based nursing interventions aimed at minimizing pre-colonoscopy anxiety and embarrassment in patients.
In addition to being a painful and uncomfortable procedure, colonoscopy can cause anxiety and fear in patients due to procedure-related concerns, fear of a cancer diagnosis, and feelings of embarrassment resulting from perceived violations of privacy during the procedure. To alleviate patients' anxiety, fear, or embarrassment before colonoscopy, various non-pharmacological approaches, such as aromatherapy, are utilized. Aromatherapy, also known as essential oil therapy, is defined as "the art and science of using naturally extracted aromatic essences from plants to balance, harmonize, and promote the health of the body, mind, and spirit". Lavender and bergamot essential oils have been reported to have positive effects on anxiety in patients undergoing certain medical procedures, such as surgeries, childbirth, urodynamic testing, and endoscopic interventions. However, no study has yet evaluated the combined effects of aromatherapy with lavender and bergamot oils on anxiety, vital signs, and feelings of embarrassment in patients undergoing colonoscopy. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of aromatherapy with lavender and bergamot essential oils on anxiety, vital signs, and feelings of embarrassment before colonoscopy. The findings of this study are expected to contribute both to filling a gap in the literature and to the planning of evidence-based nursing interventions aimed at minimizing pre-colonoscopy anxiety and embarrassment in patients.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lavender Aromatherapy | Experimental | Inhalation of lavender essential oil for 20 minutes prior to colonoscopy. |
|
| Bergamot Aromatherapy | Experimental | Inhalation of bergamot essential oil for 20 minutes prior to colonoscopy. |
|
| Control Group | Placebo Comparator | Participants in this group will inhale an odorless substance (distilled water ) to mimic the aromatherapy procedure without active ingredients. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lavender Aromatherapy | Other | Participants will inhale lavender essential oil via cotton pads placed near the nose for 20 minutes prior to colonoscopy. The application will take place in a pre-procedure waiting area under nurse supervision. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in anxiety level measured by the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State) | Anxiety will be assessed using the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State), which consists of 20 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety. The scale has been validated in Turkish with a Cronbach's alpha between 0.94 and 0.96. | Immediately before and 30 minutes after the intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in embarrassment level measured by the Colonoscopy Embarrassment Scale | Embarrassment related to colonoscopy will be measured using the 15-item Colonoscopy Embarrassment Scale, with scores ranging from 15 to 60. Higher scores indicate greater embarrassment. The Turkish version has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.94. | Immediately after the colonoscopy procedure |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in heart rate | Heart rate (beats per minute) will be measured using a standard monitoring form. | Immediately before and 30 minutes after the intervention |
| Change in respiratory rate | Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) will be measured using a standard monitoring form. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eray Yucedag, MSc student | Contact | 05428884948 | eray_ycedag@icloud.com | |
| Sevinc Tastan, Prof. | Contact | 05488785465 | sevinc.tastan@emu.edu.tr |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Eray Yucedag, MSc Student | Eastern Mediterranean University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Famagusta State Hospital | Recruiting | Famagusta | 99450 | Cyprus |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40016795 | Result | Yue QQ, Feng GH, Peng T, Tang T, Sun YX, Meng XR, Huang LL, Zhao KH, Huang HL, Zeng Y. What is the current state of anxiety and its related factors in Chinese patients undergoing colonoscopy? A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol. 2025 Feb 27;13(1):169. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-02463-z. | |
| 37293778 | Result | Peng W, McKinnon-Crowley J, Huang Q, Mao B. Assessing Fear, Embarrassment, and Disgust in Colonoscopy: The Development of Measurement Instruments and Psychometric Evidence. Health Educ Behav. 2024 Aug;51(4):601-612. doi: 10.1177/10901981231177075. Epub 2023 Jun 9. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| Bergamot Aromatherapy | Other | Participants will inhale bergamot essential oil through cotton pads placed near the nose for 20 minutes before the colonoscopy procedure, under the supervision of clinical staff. |
|
| Placebo Inhalation | Other | Participants will inhale an odorless substance (distilled water) using the same method and duration as the intervention groups, to simulate the aromatherapy procedure. |
|
| Immediately before and 30 minutes after the intervention |
| Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured in mmHg using a standard blood pressure monitor. | Immediately before and 30 minutes after the intervention |
| Change in oxygen saturation | Oxygen saturation (SpO₂) will be measured using pulse oximetry. | Immediately before and 30 minutes after the intervention |
| 37391282 | Result | Mutlu S, Yilmaz E, Sahin ST. The effect of position change and abdominal massage on anxiety, pain and distension after colonoscopy: A randomized clinical trial. Explore (NY). 2024 Jan-Feb;20(1):89-94. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2023.06.007. Epub 2023 Jun 20. |
| 37278621 | Result | Dogan Yilmaz E, Unlusoy Dincer N. The Effects of Virtual Reality Glasses on Vital Signs and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2023 Jul-Aug 01;46(4):318-328. doi: 10.1097/SGA.0000000000000733. Epub 2023 Jun 5. |
| 36732122 | Result | Honig AJ, Galassi MG, Ogungbe OO, Uranga T, Cuevas DK. Implementation of Aromatherapy, a Nonpharmacological Intervention, to Reduce Anxiety During the Preoperative Period. J Perianesth Nurs. 2023 Apr;38(2):206-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2022.06.011. Epub 2023 Feb 1. |
| 38747020 | Result | Kettas Dolek E, Altun Ugras G. The effect of aromatherapy during urodynamic testing on patients anxiety and cortisol levels: A randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2024 Sep;43(7):1591-1599. doi: 10.1002/nau.25491. Epub 2024 May 15. |
| 24454517 | Result | Ni CH, Hou WH, Kao CC, Chang ML, Yu LF, Wu CC, Chen C. The anxiolytic effect of aromatherapy on patients awaiting ambulatory surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:927419. doi: 10.1155/2013/927419. Epub 2013 Dec 17. |
| 37851350 | Result | Keser E, Baglama SS, Sezer C. The Effect of Reiki and Aromatherapy on Vital Signs, Oxygen Saturation, and Anxiety Level in Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Study. Holist Nurs Pract. 2023 Nov-Dec 01;37(6):337-346. doi: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000611. |
| 32379683 | Result | Pasyar N, Rambod M, Araghi F. The effect of bergamot orange essence on anxiety, salivary cortisol, and alpha amylase in patients prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A controlled trial study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 May;39:101153. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101153. Epub 2020 Mar 21. |
| 37031643 | Result | Hedigan F, Sheridan H, Sasse A. Benefit of inhalation aromatherapy as a complementary treatment for stress and anxiety in a clinical setting - A systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2023 Aug;52:101750. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101750. Epub 2023 Apr 5. |
| 37289849 | Result | Sayilan S, Sayilan AA, Mert S, Oztekin SD, Baydemir C. The Effect of Precolonoscopy Lavender Inhalation on Patient Anxiety and Comfort: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blinded, Single-Center Study. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2023 Sep-Oct 01;46(5):376-385. doi: 10.1097/SGA.0000000000000754. Epub 2023 Jun 8. |
| 38614262 | Result | Vora LK, Gholap AD, Hatvate NT, Naren P, Khan S, Chavda VP, Balar PC, Gandhi J, Khatri DK. Essential oils for clinical aromatherapy: A comprehensive review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Aug 10;330:118180. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118180. Epub 2024 Apr 16. |
| 35987997 | Result | Shirzad M, Nasiri E, Hesamirostami M, Akbari H. The Effect of Lavender on Anxiety and Hemodynamic Status Before Septorhinoplasy and Rhinoplasty. J Perianesth Nurs. 2023 Feb;38(1):45-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2022.05.067. Epub 2022 Aug 18. |