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The study aims to compare the effectiveness of breathing yoga and progressive muscle relaxation techniques in relieving pain, respiratory complications and kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H1-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H1-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H2-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H2-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H3-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H3-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H4-0: PMRTs has no effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H4-1: PMRTs have an effect on reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H5-0: PMRTs have no effect on reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H5-1: PMRTs have an effect on reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H6-0: PMRTs have no effect on relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H6-1: PMRTs have an effect on relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
Experimental group (Breathing Yoga):
Data collection tools (patient introduction form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the yoga breathing exercises intervention. Patients will be shown how to practice breathing yoga, and then they will be asked to do it. The stages of breathing yoga are as follows:
Yoga Breathing Exercises:
Patients will be given breathing yoga brochures. After discharge, patients will be asked to do breathing yoga once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the application of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data.
Experimental Group (Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques-PMRTs):
Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa Kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the progressive muscle relaxation exercise intervention. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to patients in practice, and then they will be asked to do them. PMRTs stages are as follows:
The patient is placed in a semi-sitting/lying position in bed. While the patient is breathing in and out, 11 different muscle group tightening/releasing exercises are performed. PMRTs are performed by the researchers for 15-20 minutes on the patients. After PMRTs, patients are rested in a quiet and calm patient room.
PMRTs brochures will be given to the patients. After the patients are discharged, they will be asked to perform PMRTs once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the implementation of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, the patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data.
Control group:
Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied to the patients in the control group as part of the pretest. Patients with questions will be allowed to direct their questions to the researchers. After these questions are answered, no intervention will be made to the control group and the patients in the control group will not be contacted at any time for the next three months. After three months, the patients in the control group will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. After the data collection process is completed, breathing yoga and progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to the control group patients if they wish. It will be supported with brochures. Patients will be informed that they can contact the researchers by phone for information/support regarding the applications.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| ıntervention group 1 (breathing yoga) | Experimental | Experimental group (Breathing Yoga): Data collection tools (patient introduction form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the yoga breathing exercises intervention. Patients will be shown how to practice breathing yoga, and then they will be asked to do it. Breathing yoga consists of 6 stages. Patients will be given breathing yoga brochures. After discharge, patients will be asked to do breathing yoga once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the application of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. |
|
| ıntervention group 2 (PMRTs) | Experimental | Experimental Group (Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques-PMRTs): Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa Kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the progressive muscle relaxation exercise intervention. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to patients in practice, and then they will be asked to do them. PMRTs are applied to 11 different muscle groups. PMRTs brochures will be given to the patients. After the patients are discharged, they will be asked to perform PMRTs once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the implementation of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, the patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. |
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| control group |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| breathing yoga | Other | Yoga Breathing Exercises:
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| pain level | Numerical Rating Scale (NRS): This scale, which is intended to determine the severity of pain, aims to have the patient describe their pain with numbers. In the form, 0 points are evaluated as "no pain", 1-3 points as "mild pain", 4-6 points as "moderate pain", and 7 and above points as "severe pain". | Discharged patients will be asked to perform breathing yoga/PMRT every 8 hours (three times a day) for three months. Posttest data will be collected at the end of the three months. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Kinesiophobia level | Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS): TKS is a 17-question questionnaire that has been validated and reliable in Turkish and is used to determine the presence of kinesiophobia. A 4-point Likert scoring system is used for each question in the scale. As a result of the survey, the person receives a total score between 17-68 according to the answers they give. A high score on the scale indicates that the person has high kinesiophobia. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Şerafettin OKUTAN, PhD. | Bitlis Eren University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bitlis Eren University | Bitlis | 13100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009058 | Mouth Breathing |
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| D000092442 | Kinesiophobia |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012120 | Respiration Disorders |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D012818 | Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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It will be conducted as a randomized controlled experimental study in a pretestpost- test control group experimental model.
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Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied to the patients in the control group as part of the pretest. Patients with questions will be allowed to direct their questions to the researchers. After these questions are answered, no intervention will be made to the control group and the patients in the control group will not be contacted at any time for the next three months. After three months, the patients in the control group will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. |
| PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques | Other | While patients are breathing in and out, tightening and releasing exercises are applied to 11 different muscle groups. It is applied for 15-20 minutes. |
|
| Discharged patients will be asked to perform breathing yoga/PMRT every 8 hours (three times a day) for three months. Posttest data will be collected at the end of the three months. |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D010698 | Phobic Disorders |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |