The goal of this retrospective observational study is to quantify the impact of team collaboration on work efficiency in operating room and patient safety outcomes in non-cardiac surgical teams. The main purpose is to answer:

How does team collaboration affect work efficiency in operating room and patient safety outcomes during/after surgery? The data will be obtained from the Hospital Electronic Medical Record Information System, participants already finished all the planned surgeries.

This study aims to reveal the crucial role of teamwork in surgical operations. Firstly, by calculating the degree of collaboration within the surgical team, we quantify the interactions, communication, and trust among team members, and subsequently analyze the impact of this collaboration on surgical team work efficiency indicators including pre-anesthesia preparation time, anesthesia induction time, and operation time, to identify optimal practices. Secondly, it analyzes how the degree of cooperation among surgical teams affects patient safety indicators such as intraoperative blood loss, the incidence of unplanned secondary surgeries, and the in-hospital mortality rate, thereby revealing the direct or indirect contribution of teamwork to patient safety. The impact of surgical team size, gender composition, and shift patterns on work efficiency and patient safety indicators was also analyzed.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All elective surgeries for adults (age ≥18 years)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Surgeries in which patient demographics (age, gender), ASA grade, procedure details, and positional data were unattainable
• Cardiac surgical procedures (with a fixed surgical team)
• Operations under non-intubated general anesthesia or intravenous anesthesia (primarily diagnostic procedures not requiring close multidisciplinary collaboration)
• Surgical cases with missing data on pre-anesthesia preparation time, anesthesia induction time, and surgical procedure duration
• Surgical cases with missing data on team members' years of experience and gender information.
• Surgical cases with missing data on intra- and post-operative major complications and other safety-related outcome measures

The study population includes elective surgical patients who underwent procedures at Zhongda Hospital Southeast University between January 1, 2016, and March 31, 2025, and their respective surgical team members.