Group A emphasizes a combination of Otago exercises and systematic desensitization alongside routine physical therapy. The session begins with a 5-minute warm-up, followed by 7 minutes of Otago balance exercises and 8 minutes of Otago strength exercises. This is complemented by 15 minutes of routine physical therapy focusing on strength and mobility, 5 minutes of flexibility and stretching, and 7 minutes dedicated to relaxation training. The session concludes with 10 minutes of gradual exposure and visualization exercises, allowing participants to mentally navigate safe environments and mildly fear-inducing situations, followed by a 3-minute discussion and feedback segment.

Group B, centers solely on Otago exercises integrated with routine physical therapy. This group starts with a 10-minute warm-up, followed by 10 minutes of Otago balance exercises and another 10 minutes for Otago strength exercises. The session continues with 20 minutes of routine physical therapy focused on strength and mobility, concluding with 10 minutes dedicated to flexibility and stretching exercises.

Group C combines systematic desensitization with routine physical therapy. The session begins with a 5-minute warm-up, followed by 20 minutes of strength and mobility exercises, and 5 minutes of flexibility and stretching. Participants then engage in 10 minutes of relaxation training, which includes reviewing goals and practicing deep breathing exercises. The session further incorporates 15 minutes of gradual exposure and visualization, allowing participants to confront their fears in a controlled manner, and wraps up with a 5-minute discussion and feedback period.

Warm-up (5 minutes) Marching in place (assisted), arm swings, side steps Otago Balance Exercises (7 minutes) Knee bends (with support), heel-to-toe stand (with support), side hip abduction (with support) Otago Strength Exercises (8 minutes) Ankle dorsiflexion, seated knee extensions, seated marching Routine Physical Therapy - Strength and Mobility Exercises (15 minutes) Assisted squats or sit-to-stand exercises, standing calf raises (with support), seated bicep curls, seated shoulder press Routine Physical Therapy - Flexibility and Stretching (5 minutes) Hamstring, quadriceps, shoulder, and neck stretches Relaxation Training (7 minutes) Review goals, PMR, deep breathing exercises Gradual Exposure and Visualization (10 minutes) Visualization of safe environments, standing up, walking on flat surfaces, and mildly fear-inducing situations (with assistance) Discussion and Feedback (3 minutes) Share experiences, provide feedback, assign homework

It is a 4-item falls-risk screening tool for sub-acute and residential care. The FRAT has three sections: Part 1 - Fall Risks, Part 2 -Risk factor checklist, Part 3 :Action Plan. A score of 0 to 5 indicates a low risk of falling, a score of 6 to 20 a medium risk, and a score 21 to 45 a high risk.

The Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) is a measure of fear of falling. It is a 16 item questionnaire, useful to the researchers and clinicians interested in fear of falling, with a score ranging from minimum 16 (no concern about falling) to maximum 64 (severe concern about falling).

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a clinical tool used to assess balance and risk of falling. It consists of 14 simple tasks, such as standing, sitting, and reaching, each scored on a scale of 0 to 4. The total score helps determine the level of balance impairment.

The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a simple and quick assessment used to evaluate a person's mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk. It involves timing an individual as they stand up from a chair, walk three meters, turn around, walk back, and sit down. A time of 12 seconds or more typically indicates a higher risk of falling