Participants attend two sessions, one week apart, as part of a randomized crossover study involving either an active or sham intervention. Both sessions follow identical procedures, except for the TMS intervention. Each session includes: three pain pressure threshold measurements, two TMS-EEG recordings, 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise on a stationary bike, and two resting-state EEG recordings. Repetitive TMS is administered as an active intervention in one session and as a sham in the other, and more.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy men and women aged 18-60 years
• Speak and understand English

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant or breastfeeding
• Regular use of cannabis, opioids, or other drugs
• Chronic pain (i.e., pain most days within the last three months)
• Current or previous neurologic or musculoskeletal illnesses, psychiatric diagnoses, or other ilnesses (e.g., brain or spinal cord injuries, degenerative neurological disorders, major depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, etc.)
• Current regular use of analgesic medication or other medication which may affect the trial (including paracetamol and NSAIDs)
• Recent history of acute pain (i.e., episodic migraine attacks or pain in the lower limbs)
• Abnormally disrupted sleep in 24 hours preceding experiment
• Contraindications to TMS application (history of epilepsy, metal implants in head or jaw, etc.)
• Unable to fulfil the criteria of the "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Adult Safety Screen"
• Presence of implanted hearing aids or metal implants on the face, including permanent makeup or tattoos.
• Lack of ability to cooperate

Randomization is applied only at the participant level: each participant is randomly assigned to start with either the active or sham condition, with the alternate condition administered in the second session. The study is single-blinded, meaning that participants are blinded to the intervention type (active vs. sham), while the investigators administering the sessions are aware of the allocation.